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Exam 1- Glycolysis
the unfavorable synthesis of ATP during fermentation is possible because |
it is coupled to the favorable breakdown of glucose to lactate |
____-____% of the energy released by fermentation is captured to ATP |
30-50 |
glycolysis is like a "play" of ___ reactions in ___ acts |
10; 3 |
5 main classes of enzymatic reactions |
1) group transfers (phosphoryl)
2) electron transfers (oxidations and reductions)
3)rearrangements, eliminations, isomerizations
4)reactions that make C-C bonds
5) reactions that break C-C bonds |
nucleophiles |
electron rich
-looking for a nucleus
-often anionic (negatively charged |
electrophiles |
-electron-deficient
-looking for electrons
-often cationic (positively charged) |
act 1 of glycolysis |
phosphorylation, isomerization and cleavage of glucose to two inter-convertible triose phosphates (reactions 1-5) PREP/"INVESTMENT" |
act 2 of glycolysis |
oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-P by NAD+ with uptake of phosphate (reaction 6). The product (phosphate anhydride, glycerate-1,3-P2) has enough energy to drive ATP formation from ADP (reaction 7) SET UP AND "ROI" |
act 3 of glycolysis |
phosphate transfer (from the 3- to the 2- position of glycerate) to form, by dehydration, P-enolpyruvate --> enough energy to drive ATP formation from ADP (reactions 8-10) SET UP AND ANOTHER "ROI" |
animal glucokinase |
-Very specific for glucose, with a very high Km
(i.e.,low affinity) for glucose
• It is NOT inhibited by its product, glucose-6-P
(i.e.,as long there is a flood of glucose, it keeps
phosphorylaSngit)
• Its levels are posiSvely controlled by insulin
(i.e.,glucose uptake massively amplified) |
yeast hexokinase (Hxk2p) moonlights as a |
transcription factor |
act one,reaction one enzyme |
hexokinase |
act 1, rxn 2 enzyme |
phosphoglucose isomerase |
act 1, rxn 3 enzyme |
phosphofructokinase |
act 1 rxn 4 enzyme |
aldolase |
act 1 rxn 5 enzyme |
triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) |