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NUTR 202: EXAM 2
Animal-Based Dietary Sources of Protein |
Meat, eggs, dairy; high in saturated fat and cholesterol; provide B-vitamins |
Plant-Based Dietary Sources of Protein |
Grains, nuts, legumes; low in saturated fat and no cholesterol; high in fiber, phytochemicals and unsaturated fat |
Soluble Fiber |
Dietary fiber that blocks bile reabsorption and promotes dietary cholesterol excretion |
Amino Acid Structure |
Acid Group (-COOH), Amine Group (NH2), Unique Side Chain
|
Number of Essential Amino Acids |
9
|
Peptide bond |
the bond between and amino acid in which the acid group of one amino acid is connected to the amine group of another amino acid |
Denaturation |
alteration of the proteins 3D structure due to exposure to heat, acids, bases, or salts Process starts in the stomach |
Hydrochloric Acid |
A strong acid made by the stomach that aids in protein digestion |
Pepsin |
A protein-digesting enzyme produced by the stomach. It is secreted in the gastric juice in an inactive form (pepsinogen) and activated by acid in the stomach |
Protease |
a protein digesting enzyme |
Amino Acid |
Building blocks of proteins. each contains an amino group, an acid group, and a unique side chain |
Di/Tripeptide |
two/three amino acids linked by a peptide bond |
Transport Protein |
A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane.
|
Active Transport |
Moving amino acids from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with energy and a carrier molecule |
Transamination |
transfer of the amine group from one amino acid to another to create the nonessential amino acid |
Gene |
DNA segment that codes for a specific protein |
Transcription
|
the process of copying the information in DNA to a molecule of mRNA |
Translation |
the process of translating the mRNA code into the amino acid sequence of a protein
|
tRNA |
molecule that reads and brings the amino acid to the ribosome to make protein
|
Protein functions |
enzymes to speed up chemical reactions; structures; hormones or chemical signals; transportation of substances; movement of muscles; immunity; blood clotting; fluid balance |
Deamination
|
the removal of the amino group from an amino acid |
Kwashiorkor |
pure protein deficiency; characterized by edema (swelling) especially in the belly |
Marasmus |
severe energy and protein deficiency; characterized by wasting |
Protein |
food allergies occur when this is absorbed without being fully digested |
Celiac Disease |
autoimmune condition due to allergic reaction to protein known as gluten; results in the lumen of the small intestine being flattened |
Negative Nitrogen Balance |
more nitrogen coming out than going in; result from injury or illness |
Positive Nitrogen Balance |
more nitrogen going in than coming out; result of growth and development |
10-35% |
AMDR for protein |
Protein Quality |
ability to provide essential amino acids; determined by digestibility and amino acid profile |
Complete Dietary Proteins |
proteins that contain all of the essential amino acids and some of the nonessential ones |
Incomplete proteins |
proteins that are low in one or more essential amino acids |
Tofu |
Which of the following is a complete protein that a vegan would/could eat |
Vitamins |
Organic compounds essential in the diet to promote growth and maintenance |