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Bio 201 Final
Radiation causes DNA damage. Which cell cycle checkpoint is DNA damage detected, leading to cell cycle arrest? |
G1/S and G2/M |
What protein is responsible for arresting the cell cycle when DNA is damaged? |
p53 |
If DNA damage is too severe to be fixed, and cell cycle is arrested for a prolonged period of time,_______ activated expression of genes responsible for _______. |
1. p53
2. apoptosis
|
Tumor supressor gene whose primary function is to inhibit expression of s-phase genes; this protein is inactivated when it is phosphorylated by Cdk. |
Rb |
DNA replication is just one of proliferation of a cell. During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? |
S (sequence) |
During the development of frog oocytes, maturation promoting factor (MPF) becomes active in response to what? |
progesterone |
MPF is? |
Cyclin B and Cdk1 |
Which cell cycle transition does MPF activate? |
G2 to M |
What is the activity of MPF? |
Phosphorylation of proteins |
What is the direct cellular consequence of MPF activity? |
Formation of mitotic spindle and nuclear envelope degradation |
What type of Cdk mutation could correlate to uncontrolled proliferation cells? |
one that results in constitutive activation of the kinase |
What kind of mutations can cause metaphase arrest? |
-A mutation in the gene encoding cohesion that makes it resistant to cleavage of proteases
-A mutation in tubulin gene that reduces the GTPase activity
-A mutation in the gene encoding a dyne like motor protein |
What does not occur during mitosis? |
separation of homogenous chromosomes |
A structure in animal cells that serve as primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC), is duplicated during mitosis, and is responsible for seeding microtubules necessary for creation of mitotic spindle |
centrosome |
the region on the chromosomes where sister chromatids are held together |
centromere |
What perturbation would be expected to specifically prevent cytokinesis in animal cells? |
inhibition of myosin |
What would be expected to specifically prevent cytokinesis pf plant cells? |
inhibition of phosphate synthesis |
What is produced in these cells in response to progesterone exposure that results in MPF activity? |
Cyclin B |
What happens during Meiosis I? |
-Separation of sister chromatids
-Segregation of homologous chromosomes |
After Meiosis I, what is the karyotype of a typical animal cell? |
haploid, with two copies of each homolog(1N,2X)
|
After Meiosis II, what is the karyotype of a typical animal cell? |
diploid, with one copy of each homolog(2N,1X) |
What is the karyotype of a normal somatic (non-gamete) cell in a human? |
diploid, with one copy of each homolog(2N,1X) |
What is the karyotype of a normal game (egg or spermatozoon) cell in a typical animal? |
haploid, with one copy of each homolog(1N,1X) |
When do daughter cells have the same karyotype as the parent cell they came from? |
After Mitosis |
What characterizes necrosis which distinguishes it from apoptosis? |
Cell lysis |
What characterizes apoptosis which distinguishes it from necrosis? |
DNA laddering |
What is beneficial to the organism? |
Apoptosis |
Who performed the experiment with pneumococcus? |
Frederick Griffith |
What was the interpretation of Frederick Griffith;s experiment? |
S cell DNA is required for transforming R cells into virulent form |
What major contribution to the understanding of heredity was made by Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod? |
They showed that DNA purified from virulent S pneumococcis could transform R cells, confirming the original transforming principle experiments
|
What would happen if you heat-killed S-cells, filtered them, and the treated the filtrate with lipase before combining it with R-cells? |
The R-cells would be transformed into S-cells |
What is the transforming principle? |
the substance obtained from S cells that instructs R cells to become virulent |
Are Streptococcus cells Smooth or Rough? |
Smooth |
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used what approach in order to test whether protein or DNA was responsible for heredity? |
They combines viruses with either 35S or 32P to determine which one was transferred to bacteria during viral infection |
In the Hershey-Chase experiment, 32P was found in the pallet after centrifugation. What were they able to conclude from this result? |
The pellet contains the denser bacterial cells; therefore, DNA from the infecting visions are transmitted to the bacteria infection. |
What kind of enzyme catalyzes polymerization of DNA? |
Polymerase |
What kind of enzyme catalyzes the removal of a single nucleotide from the end of a nucleic acid chain? |
Exonuclease |
What process is dependent on the exonuclease activity? |
Proofreading |
What process is dependent on the endonuclease activity? |
-Mismatch repair
-Exicision repair
-Apoptosis |
What is not true for DNA Polymerase activity? |
It requires energy from ATP or GTP |
What would you observe in a cell in which DNA helices was activated? |
DNA replication would fail due to inability to separate the two strands of DNA |
What would you observe in a cell in which Primase activity was reduced to 50% of its normal levels? |
Replication of the leading strand would be almost normal, but the lagging strand would take much longer to synthesize |