Bio 201 Final
42 Cards in this Set
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Radiation causes DNA damage. Which cell cycle checkpoint is DNA damage detected, leading to cell cycle arrest?
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G1/S and G2/M
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What protein is responsible for arresting the cell cycle when DNA is damaged?
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p53
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If DNA damage is too severe to be fixed, and cell cycle is arrested for a prolonged period of time,_______ activated expression of genes responsible for _______.
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1. p53
2. apoptosis
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Tumor supressor gene whose primary function is to inhibit expression of s-phase genes; this protein is inactivated when it is phosphorylated by Cdk.
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Rb
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DNA replication is just one of proliferation of a cell. During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
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S (sequence)
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During the development of frog oocytes, maturation promoting factor (MPF) becomes active in response to what?
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progesterone
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MPF is?
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Cyclin B and Cdk1
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Which cell cycle transition does MPF activate?
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G2 to M
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What is the activity of MPF?
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Phosphorylation of proteins
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What is the direct cellular consequence of MPF activity?
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Formation of mitotic spindle and nuclear envelope degradation
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What type of Cdk mutation could correlate to uncontrolled proliferation cells?
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one that results in constitutive activation of the kinase
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What kind of mutations can cause metaphase arrest?
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-A mutation in the gene encoding cohesion that makes it resistant to cleavage of proteases
-A mutation in tubulin gene that reduces the GTPase activity
-A mutation in the gene encoding a dyne like motor protein
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What does not occur during mitosis?
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separation of homogenous chromosomes
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A structure in animal cells that serve as primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC), is duplicated during mitosis, and is responsible for seeding microtubules necessary for creation of mitotic spindle
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centrosome
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the region on the chromosomes where sister chromatids are held together
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centromere
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What perturbation would be expected to specifically prevent cytokinesis in animal cells?
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inhibition of myosin
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What would be expected to specifically prevent cytokinesis pf plant cells?
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inhibition of phosphate synthesis
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What is produced in these cells in response to progesterone exposure that results in MPF activity?
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Cyclin B
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What happens during Meiosis I?
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-Separation of sister chromatids
-Segregation of homologous chromosomes
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After Meiosis I, what is the karyotype of a typical animal cell?
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haploid, with two copies of each homolog(1N,2X)
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After Meiosis II, what is the karyotype of a typical animal cell?
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diploid, with one copy of each homolog(2N,1X)
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What is the karyotype of a normal somatic (non-gamete) cell in a human?
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diploid, with one copy of each homolog(2N,1X)
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What is the karyotype of a normal game (egg or spermatozoon) cell in a typical animal?
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haploid, with one copy of each homolog(1N,1X)
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When do daughter cells have the same karyotype as the parent cell they came from?
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After Mitosis
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What characterizes necrosis which distinguishes it from apoptosis?
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Cell lysis
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What characterizes apoptosis which distinguishes it from necrosis?
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DNA laddering
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What is beneficial to the organism?
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Apoptosis
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Who performed the experiment with pneumococcus?
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Frederick Griffith
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What was the interpretation of Frederick Griffith;s experiment?
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S cell DNA is required for transforming R cells into virulent form
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What major contribution to the understanding of heredity was made by Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod?
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They showed that DNA purified from virulent S pneumococcis could transform R cells, confirming the original transforming principle experiments
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What would happen if you heat-killed S-cells, filtered them, and the treated the filtrate with lipase before combining it with R-cells?
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The R-cells would be transformed into S-cells
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What is the transforming principle?
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the substance obtained from S cells that instructs R cells to become virulent
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Are Streptococcus cells Smooth or Rough?
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Smooth
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Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used what approach in order to test whether protein or DNA was responsible for heredity?
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They combines viruses with either 35S or 32P to determine which one was transferred to bacteria during viral infection
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In the Hershey-Chase experiment, 32P was found in the pallet after centrifugation. What were they able to conclude from this result?
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The pellet contains the denser bacterial cells; therefore, DNA from the infecting visions are transmitted to the bacteria infection.
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What kind of enzyme catalyzes polymerization of DNA?
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Polymerase
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What kind of enzyme catalyzes the removal of a single nucleotide from the end of a nucleic acid chain?
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Exonuclease
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What process is dependent on the exonuclease activity?
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Proofreading
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What process is dependent on the endonuclease activity?
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-Mismatch repair
-Exicision repair
-Apoptosis
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What is not true for DNA Polymerase activity?
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It requires energy from ATP or GTP
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What would you observe in a cell in which DNA helices was activated?
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DNA replication would fail due to inability to separate the two strands of DNA
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What would you observe in a cell in which Primase activity was reduced to 50% of its normal levels?
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Replication of the leading strand would be almost normal, but the lagging strand would take much longer to synthesize
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BIO 201: LECTURE 30-35