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COMM 1301: EXAM 3
Public Opinion
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written in 1922 where Lippman argues that we see the world not as it really is but as "pictures in our heads". Pictures of things not experienced personally is shaped by the mass media
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Walter Lippman
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His book Public Opinion argued that we see the world not as it really is but as "picutes in our heads". The "pictures of things we havent experienced personally, are shaped by the mass media.
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Powerful effects theory
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Theory that the media have immediate direct influence.
Assumed individuals are passive and absorb whatever the media says with critical thought. Drew upon Walter Lippman's book Public Opinion
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Two-step flow model
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Media affects individuals through opinion leaders.
People are motivated less by the mass media, opinion leaders receive info. from media and then pass it on to one or a group of receivers.
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Agenda-setting model
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Media tell people what to think about, NOT what to think.
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Multistep flow model
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Media affects individuals through complex interpersonal connections.
The two-step flow model expanded.
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Current thinking on violence studies
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-exposure to violence does not make you violent
-media believes the right situation and the right time and emotions involved can cause you to do something violent
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Catalytic Theory
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The theory that watching violence in the media can encourage real-life violence, but only if other influences are also present.
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Agenda Setting Thoery-Mccombs and Shaw
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Mass media has the ability to transfer the salience of items on their news agenda to the public agenda. We judge whats important based on what the media says is important.
Media does not tell us what to think but what to think about
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Watchdog |
concept of the press as a skeptical and critical monitor of government for the people
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Fourth estate
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the press as the fourth estate of govt. Its job is to monitor the other branches (legislative, executive,judicial) as an external check on behalf of the people. Coined by Edmund Burke, based on medieval power structures
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Carol Burnett
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celebrity that sued the National Enquirer for libel after they described her being drunk in public, she won the case.
First celebrity to win a libel case.`
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Violence Assessment Monitoring Project
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conducted contextual nonviolence studeies and found less serious media depositions than earlier thought
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Libel
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written defamation
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spoken defamation
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spoken defamation
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third person effects
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dismissing effects on yourself but assuming its true for others
facebook doesn't affect me, but it might affect others
(W. P. Davison)
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TPM
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Time, Place & Manner.
government may control the time, place, and manner of expression as long as limits are content-neutral, exercise prior restraint.
EX. A newspaper that criticizes the mayor cannot be restricted while one that supports the mayor isnt.
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fighting words doctrine
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the idea that censorship can be justified against inciting provocation to violence. (By Chaplinsky)
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Incitement Standard
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a four-part test to determine whether an advocacy speech is constitutionally protected
1. The statement advocates a lawless action
2. The statement aims at producing lawless action
3. Such lawless action must be imminent (he might change the work imminent in the test)
4. Such lawless action must be likely to occur
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Prior Restraint
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prohibiting expression in advance, Minnesota legislature made a law that shut down obnoxious newspapers and the Supreme Court threw out the law saying it was against the first amendment
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Minimalist effects
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theory that media effects are mostly indirect (comes from secondary sources: Friends, acquantances). Includes the two step flow model, status conferral, agenda setting model, and narcotizing dysfunction
(Paul Lazarsfeld)
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cumulative effects
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Elisabeth Boelle-Neumann cites tha multimedia ads hammer the same message and no one cam escape media or its messages driven home with redundancy. Media influence is gradual over time.
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Framing
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Related to agenda-settings, in which media coverage shapes how people see issues by selecting aspects of a percieved reality for emphasis in a mass media message.
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Plagiarism
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using someone else's creative ideas, works or words as your own
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Media obsessions
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-Presidential Coverage
-Conflict
-Scandals
-Horse races(treating things by numbers whose ahead)
-Brevity(shorter articles, less information in articles)
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media induced passivity
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not living life because you are watching in through the media
NARCOTIZATION DYSFUNCTION
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Narcoticizing dysfunction
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Media lull people into passivity. People are so overwhelmed by the volume new they tend to withdraw from involvement in public issues.
Also when people have so much info on a topic they believe they're doing something about a problem when they are really only well informed.
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Magic bullet theory
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Also known as Hypodermic needle effect. Assumed that the media could "inject" or "shooting a gun with the magic bullet" info., ideas, and propaganda into public consciousness, exerting powerful effects on everyone that processes it.
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Priming
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activation of one thought leads to another. Give a little bit so they can think about other stuff.
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Subliminal Memory
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unknowingly borrowing someone else work
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The Communication Decency Act 1996
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Designed to keep internet porn away from children. Had 2 major problems:
1. Definition - hard to define indecency
2. Access - enforcement would inhibit free speech while internet not considered as invasive as broadcast where indecency is regulated
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Aristotle
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Created the golden mean as a basis for moral decision making.
Avoid extremes and seek moderation,
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Immanuel Kant
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Advocated the categorical imperative.
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categorical imperative
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Using good process as the route to good choices
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John Stuart Mill
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advocated utilitarianism
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utilitarianism |
declared that morally right decisions are those that result in "happiness for the greater good".
Called his idea the principle of utility.
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John Rawls
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Advocated egalitarianism
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egalitarian ethics
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called. the viel of ignorance. Requires blindness to social position or other discrimination factors.
That ethical decisions require all people have equal hearing and the same fair consideration.
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John dewey
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Pragmatism, progressive education, and liberalism
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Pragmatism
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virtue of moral decisions had to be judged based on results, John Dewey
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*conflict of duties
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1. self
2. audience
3. employer
4.profession
5. society
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Duty to self
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self-preservation might lead a journalist to report a story from a safe distance
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Duty to audience
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Cause of death in an obituary or identities of rape victims. how much does the audience need to know?
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Duty to employer
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Reporting negative info on a parent cooperation
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Duty to Profession
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a conflict when one ad agency “blows the whistle” on other ad agencies
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Duty to society
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Putting everything else above your own self-interest
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Media as Cathartic
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Watching violence allows individuals to release pent up everyday frustration that might otherwise explode dangerously
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Selective exposure
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watching media that's going to reinforce your interests
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Consistency Theory
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choosing to watch/listen to things that agree with personal values, beliefs, and ideas
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Trial balloon
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a deliberate leak of a potential policy, usually from a diversionary source, to test public response; floating ideas
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fairness doctrine
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for every minute of information favoring one side equal time must be given to an opposing point of view
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First Amendment
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Freedom of Speech
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Sunshine laws
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open meeting laws require government meetings to be open to public
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U.S. copyright law
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Since 1970, protects authors and creators of intellectual property from having their work reproduced without permission, law protects for the lifetime of the author plus 70 years.
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Stereotyping
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Using broad strokes to facilitate communication.
EX. Cowboy w/ black hat=bad guy
Newspaper headlines use stereotyping="Arab terrorist"
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content analysis
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analyzing content of communication
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Stonewalling
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to refuse to answer questions, sometimes refusing even to meet with reporters. Putting up obstacles to where it's hard to get what you want
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Teleological
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not concerned with actions, but consequences of actions
• Pragmatic theory
• Utilitarian theory
• Social-responsibility theory
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Deontological
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people act morally when they follow good rules
• Theory of divine command - obey God's commands
• Theory of divine right of kings - divinely anointed monarch
• Theory of secular command - follow the leader
• Libertarian theory - free thinking
• Categorical Imperative Theory - universal principles
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Situational Ethics
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make ethics decisions on the basis of situation at hand.
Decide to print story even though it may cause damage to a person's reputation.
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George Gallup
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created public opinion polling
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Ratings
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The percentage of poeple who own tvs & are watching tv
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Share |
Percetage of people who have the TV on and watching a certain show. (this # is bigger than rating)
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Sweeps Months
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Nov, Feb, May & July. Months nielson collect tv ratings
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Oliver Wendell Holmes
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Clear and Present Danger.
EX. Yelling fire at a theater.
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