ANTH 1000: EXAM 1
28 Cards in this Set
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Three definitions of Culture
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That complex whole which includes, knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society - E.B. Tylor [1871]
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Three definitions of Culture
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The totality of products of social mean, super organic, i.e. more than biological
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Three definitions of culture
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tools x symbols
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three definitions of culture
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learned behavior
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three definitions of culture
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the way of life of a people, including their behavior, the things they make, and their ideas
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three definitions of culture
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a system of symbols and meanings
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"The origin of Society," that: "in primate society, sex organizes society. In human society, society organizes sex."
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Sex is a permanent element in social life and insures constant association of the two sexes
Sexual behavior is not simply automatic, but is associated wit numerous stimuli that are themselves non-sexual
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Do hunting and gathering bands have "government"
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operate without any formal leadership
autonomous and self-sufficient
organized by kinship and are primarily egalitarian
All members share work and products
local group or band is highest level of political organization - band is politically independent
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How is foraging as a subsistence mode related to the population density of band societies?
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Band societies have low population density
This is related to their subsistence mode: in most of the world's environments, hunting and gathering cannot support a very dense population.
Foraging requires a lot of land and is only enough to feed a small amount of people
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Conflict resolution in band societies - Ex from The Forest People
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Non-violent methods, Leveling Mechanisms, temporary ostracism
People involved are normally the ones to resolve the situation; elders may step in if this is not successful - age and gender determine who has more of a say (egalitarian)
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Example from the Forest People of Conflict resolution
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Kelemoe had an incestuous relationship and was ostracized (leveling mechanism/conflict resolution)
Cephu put his net in front of another person's during solo hunting - big deal because everyone shares and he was cheating. Punishment - people ignored him, took his meat and ridiculed him…
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Richard Lee and !Kung and gift of Christmas Ox
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Lee brought ox as gift to thank !Kung San for cooperation
Said his ox was fat
!Kung said it was skinny and ridiculed him
Leveling mechanism used to keep social control
!Kung people believe there is no completely generous acts - don't believe in people being arrogant
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Causal relationships of child spacing among !Kung San
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Long intervals between having children
Long breast feeding prevents you from getting period and the women breast feed their children for a long time, therefore making the spaces in between longer intervals
Acts as natural contraceptive
Nursing burns up to 2000 calories per day - women …
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Nutrition and Demographic changes from 60s-70s among !Kung San
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San population is increasing (at a higher rate)
Village-dwelling San tend to be heavier, fatter
Child-spacing is narrowing (women are having children closer together)
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Dietary changes in shift to Settled Village Life of !Kung San
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More monotonous diet
Consume more cow's milk (more fat) and grain ("mealie meal")
Tend to be heavier, fatter, and taller than the nomadic !Kung
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Reproductive changes of !Kung
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As H&G, the human population was very gradual (low rate)
The world's population has exploded in rapid increase recently
Average age of first period is lower among settled !Kung
Average child spacing has gone from 4+ years to less than 3 years
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Changes in human life during Neolithic Period
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Modern day health problems can be seen the transition into settled life
Demonstrates how world population increases leads people to move away from hunting and gathering
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Changes in human life during Neolithic period
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Diet of more milk and "mealie meal" results in:
Increased body fat and earlier weaning
Girls getting their period earlier and having children born closer together
Number of children born increases
Increases in population
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Changes in human life during Neolithic period
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Factors of population growth are:
Body fat: affected by diet, activity and nursing
Fertility: affected by body fat, activity, and nursing
Child spacing: affected by nursing and fertility
Population: affected by fertility
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How much did women contribute to subsistence among hunter-gatherers
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Meat was only 1/3 of hunter-gatherer diet
Plant products made up 2/3
Generally, gathering almost always provides plant food
Women acted as gatherers in these band societies, so they were seen as greatly contributing to subsistence
Gathering was very important to society and therefore …
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What is the elima ceremony
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Coming of age ceremony in Mbuti society (pygmies)
Celebrates first menses of women ("blessed with blood")
Means that women can now get married and have children
Respective elders teach her about motherhood lessons and house
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Relationship between Pygmies and Bantu-speaking, village-dwelling neighbors
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engaged in trade with one another - pygmies provided meat, villagers provided tools and labor
Villagers saw themselves as master; Pygmies worked for them to make money but saw them as necessary evil
Differing attitudes towards each group - pygmies viewed as animals because they live in …
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Participation and status of women in hunter-gatherer societies
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H&G societies are egalitarian, so status is based on age and sex - men and women are related to each other that in a way seems relatively equal
Participate and contribute a lot - gather 2/3 of H&G diet (plants)
Don't interact with men as equals
Women are still valuable to society - pla…
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Support that of all living animals, only human being have culture
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Society and tools are not unique to human beings
culture is not instinctual - it is learned; the complexity of the human language makes cultural transmission possibly - key difference is our ability to manipulate symbols, and symbols are a huge part of culture
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Nacirema attitude toward human body
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Obsession - obsessed with body image
Constantly trying to change bodies from being "ugly" and have a tendency to be in poor health and get diseases
Lives revolve around self-image
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How human language competence illustrates aspects of culture
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Must be learned and learning is a part of culture
Language is symbolic because you associate a word with meaning and culture as symbols
Allows us to communicate ideas
Determined by culture because there are rules to follow
Use language to develop law, art, and society - society depend…
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Diet and nutrition among foragers
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varied diet, adequate in both protein and calories
lack many diseases found in complex societies
rarely have iron deficiencies or folic acid and B12
little incidences of "aging diseases" and blood pressure doesn't increase with age
1/3 meat, 2/3 plan foods
Affluent because intake the…
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Is warfare a human cultural universal?
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No, nomadic hunting and gathering groups, such as pygmies, work together to preserve themselves
Resolved conflicts through peaceful means such as leveling mechanisms
Band societies do not defend territory or make war; generally solve conflicts by non-violent means
Tribes are settled, f…
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ANTH 1000: FINAL