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Test 1: Study Guide
Ad Libitum |
Allowing animals to eat all they want at all times. |
Compensatory Growth |
Increased growth rate in response to previous undernourishment |
Concentrate |
Grains-a feed that is high in energy and digestible nutrients but low in fiber. |
T.D.N. |
total digestible nutrients. Includes total amounts of digestible protein, nitrogen-free extract, fiber, and fat (multiplied by 2.25) all added together. Approximate energy content. |
Grains |
Corn, Barley, milo |
Roughage |
A feed that is high in fiber, low in digestible nutrients, and low in energy. Such feeds as hay, straw, silage, and pasture are examples. |
Fill |
The contents of the digestive tract. |
Estrus or Heat |
The period of mating activity in the female. |
Estrous |
The cycle itself. Time from one heat to the next |
Estrus synchronization |
Controlling the estrous cycle so that a high percentage of the females in the herd express estrus at the same time. |
Gestation Periods: Equine, Porcine, Caprine, Ovine, Bovine |
340, 113, 147, 147, 283 |
Haploid |
1/2 the normal number of chromosomes. Found in sperm and ova. |
Anestrous Period |
The time when a female is not in estrus. Highly inheritable. |
Open |
Refers to non-pregnant females |
Fertility |
Lowly inheritable. The capacity to initiate, sustain, and support reproduction. |
Free Martin |
When you have twins...Infertile female, Fertile bull. |
Dystocia |
Difficult birth. Cause: cow not dilating, birthweight |
Dry |
Non-lactating female |
Lactation Period |
Period that female produces milk. |
Libido |
Sex drive of male |
Clone |
An individual grown from a single somatic cell of its parent and genetically identical to it. |
Cull |
To eliminate from the breeding population |
Weaning |
Taking a young animal from it's dam |
Carcass Merit |
The value of a carcass for consumption. |
Dark Cutter |
Color of the lean in the carcass. Has a dark appearance usually caused by stress to the animal prior to slaughter. |
Contemporary Group |
Same sex and breed raised under similar conditions. |
DHIA |
Dairy Herd Improvement Association |
Feeder |
Animals which need no further feeding prior to slaughter. |
Scurs |
Small hornlike tissue attached to the skin of polled or dehorned animals. |
Castration |
Removing testicles |
Spaying |
The removal of the ovaries from the female reproductive tract..in cats and dogs |
Breed |
Animals having a common origin and chars. that distinguish them from other groups within the same species. |
Bovine? Porcine? Equine? Ovine? Caprine? |
cow. pig. horse. lamb. goat. |
Set of environmental constraints animals were bred for? |
Climate, Forage Supply, Specific production goals |
Name the British Breeds |
Hereford, Angus, Shorthorn |
Matching:
Hot, humid
Maternal Traits
Muscularity
Marbling Ability
Cold Winters
Rapid Growth |
Bos Indicus
British
Continental
British
British, Continental
Continental |
Maternal Breeds |
Angus, Hereford, Brahman, Tarentaise, Yorkshire, Leghorn, Rambouillet |
Sire Breeds |
Charolais, Chianina, Limosin, Maine Anjou, Hampshire (pig), White Cornish, Suffolk |
Heterosis |
hybrid vigor. offspring outperform the average of parent breeds. |
Angus |
Scotland, Black, Naturally polled, Excellent Marbling, Largest # of annual registrations in US. |
Hereford |
England, Red with white face, poorest marbling of Brits, 2nd largest annual registrations. |
Shorthorn |
England, Red white or roan, |
Bos Indicus Breeds |
Brahman, Brangus, Beefmaster, Santa Gertrudis |
Brahman |
India, cross of 3 breeds, red and gray, horned, noted for heat tolerance, poor marbling and slow sexual maturity, |
Brangus |
US, 5/8 Angus 3/8 Brahman. Black naturally polled. Most widespread composite breed |
Santa Gertrudis |
US, 5/8 Shorthorn 3/8 Brahman, dark red polled/horned, Developed by Kleburg on King Ranch. |
Beefmaster |
US, Tom Lasater in Falurias. 50% Brahman 25% Shorthorn 25% Hereford. No color patterns. 6 essentials-weight, hardiness, conformation, fertility, disposition, milking ability. |
Continental Breeds |
Charolais, Chianina, Limousin, Texas Longhorn |
Charolais |
France, White |
Chianina |
Italy, Short white hair, Oldest breed, Extremely important for show steer industry |
Limousin |
France, reddish gold, Fastest growing breed in country, 3rd in annual registrations |
Texas Longhorn |
Spain, Lived as feral cattle, DofInterior saved. Light Birthweight |
What species use vertical integration? |
Poultry and Pork |
NSIF NPPC STAGES |
National Swine Improvement Federation, National Pork Producers Council, Swine Testing And Genetics Evaluation System. |
Swine Growth rate |
280 days |
Landrace |
Denmark, drooping ears, white, extra vertebrae |
Yorkshire |
England, Mother breed, white, erect ears, large litters, good feed conversion. |
Duroc |
US, red, droopy ears, fatter than Hamps |
Hampshire |
US, black with white belt around shoulders, erect ears, common in crossbreeding. |
Pietrain |
Belgium, Black/white spotted, erect ears, Stress Positive, |
PSS, PSE, |
Porcine stress syndrome-blotchy skin breathe hard, Pale Soft and Exudative. |
Merino |
Spain, Most dominant breed in the world, very fine fleece,white faced |
Rambouillet |
France, Descended from Merino, Louis XVI developed, dominant range ewe in West and TX. White faced, dual purpose |
Columbia |
US, Developed at US sheep experiment station in Idaho, largest of the crossbred breeds. White faced, polled. |
Dorset |
England, horned/polled, ability to breed out of season, white faced sheep, hot house lambs |
Hampshire Lambs |
England, Ramsey raises these, Sire Breed, Dk brown w/ wool cap, Hamps and Suffolk two most popular sire breeds in commercial sheep production |
Southdown |
England, Oldest sheep breed, Lgt brown face and legs, |
Suffolk |
England, Free of wool on the head and legs, black head nad legs, |
Terminal Cross |
Breeding for meat production. None for replacements. |
Finnsheep |
Finland, Incredible Prolificacy, 3+ babies,..just good moms |
Polypay |
US, synthetic breed from Idaho, 5 goals:^prolificacy, good lamb crop at 1 yr, lamb more frequently, growth rate, carcass quality, will breed out of season. DorsetxTargheeXFinnsheepxRambouillet |
Brown Swiss |
Switzerland, Docile, Brown, Ricola, light muzzle |
Holstein-Friesian |
Netherlands, Chickfila, dominant dairy breed (90%), blk and white, unparalled milking, lowest butterfat %. Not valuable for cheese |
Jersey |
Isle of Jersey, unsurpassed femininity, highest percentage butterfat, w/stand heat, big in texas |
How much lamb eaten per year |
1 lb of lamb by the avg citizen in a year |
Angora |
Turkey, mohair, sheared twice a year, 90% reside in Tx Edwards Plateau, best hair on kids |
South African Boer Goat |
S. Africa, Meat-type, horns, drooping ears, brown head w/ white body |
Alpine |
French Alps, most numerous variety of Alpine in Us, erect ears, |
Spanish Goat |
Spain, refer to goats of mixed breed, horned, colors vary, used for clean up |
Nubian |
Africa, Roman Nose, drooping ears, most popular dairy goat in US, High Butterfat, "Jersey of milk Goats" Don't produce as much milk |
Horse types |
light, draft, ponies |
hand= |
4 inches |
How are you classified pony? |
<14.2 hands |
Light Horses |
Morgan, Standardbred, American Saddlebred, Tennessee Walking, Quarterhorse, Appaloosa..most horses. Imported Arabian and Thoroughbred |
Oldest breed of any livestock |
Arabian horses |
Appaloosa |
Developed in Palouse River, spotted |
Draft Horses |
Belgian, Percheron |
Arabian |
Arabia, blood carried in most lgt horse breeds, endurance, dished head, long arched neck. Solid colors |
American Paint Horse |
US, tobiano & Overo, originally 1/4 horse with too much white. Can also have thoroughbred parent |
Tobiano |
white on topline |
Overo |
Over it..white does not go over back |
American Quarter Horse |
US, saddle horse for 1/4 mile, working cow horse of SW, Wimpy P-1 first registered. Cutting horse-work cows |
Thoroughbred |
England, W/o = for speed at intermediate. 90% trace to Eclipse, run in all shapes and sizes, Secretariat, Northern Dancer, Leading States: Kentucky, Cali, FLorida |
Belgian |
Belgium, 1910-most pop breed. Light Sorrel with flaxen tail, less leg action |
Clydesdale |
Scottland, Budweiser, Lighter weight than percherons. nervous |
Leghorn |
Mediterranean,Single comb, most prolific egg layer. 235 eggs/yr. |
Spent hen |
Hen at the end of the productive cycle |
White Cornish |
England, sire line in broilers, broad breasted, heavily muscled. |
broad breasted white turkey |
emphasized muscularity, growth rate, white feathers
so heavy and muscular, experience structural problems
no longer able to breed naturally
reproduce by AI
Leg Problems |
DDG |
dried distillers grains |
Selection goals |
fertility, weaning weight, cow efficiency, adaptability, quality product produced efficiently |
Cow-Calf |
Cow converts low quality forage to high quality calf, 90% use bulls, efficiency based on lbs of product |
Stocker |
Growing phase after calves weaned, roughage based diets |
Feedlot |
Animals confined and fed high energy diet (concentrate) corn or milo, feed by products keep price down |
Seedstock |
Provides genetics for commercial producer |
Stocker selection factors |
Price, growth potential, health |
Acidosis |
pH drops. Bacteria die. Liver Abssesses |
ADG |
average daily gain |
What steak is preferred |
yield grade 2 low choice |
Factors influencing value |
quality, yield, dressing % |
Difference between farmer and commercial producer? |
<1000 head |
Cactus Feeders |
520,000 head
25,000 head in Argentina
Market over 1 million head per year
20,000 animals/ wk harvested
1:26 eat cactus |
BSE |
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy |
leading state in dairy? |
California |
benefits with high production diary areas near population centers |
less transportation, milk-perishable |
What happened in 2008 with the dairy industry? |
Bovine Somatotrophin |
Phase 1 |
Peak Lactation, 1st 100 days, when cows need to rebreed..hard due to neg. energy balance |
Phase II |
Mid Lactation, 100-199 days, cows need to rebreed bc production will drop further. |
Phase III |
Tale Enders, 200+ days, Not economically productive, culled unless pregnant with another calf. |
Mastitis |
Inflammation of udder by bacterial infection, #1 cause of economic loss |
Ketosis |
Energy shortage due to metabolic problems (Preg. Diabetes) |
Milk Fever |
Low Blood Calcium causing muscle weakness at calving |
Cow Health Issue? |
Rebreeding difficulties during lactation |
How long is lactation? |
10 months |
calf scours |
caused by bacteria |
pneumonia |
respiratory disease. Prevented by maintaining clean and sanitary conditions and insuring adequate colostrums intake. |