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Chapter 9 Flashcards
feed |
any material that is capable of being digested, absorbed, and utilized (it isnt all utilized) |
lignin |
more lignin in plants as they age -> less digestible. lignin cannot be digested by any living organism |
components of animal feed |
water and dry matter
hay - 10% water
silage (composted live plant matter left to ferment) - 65% water |
water (functions) |
transportation of nutrients and waste, chemical reactions, homeostasis |
water (sources) |
drinking water, water in feed, metabolic water |
factors affecting water intake |
temp (heat stress), feed type, pasture, water quality, stage of production (pregnant, milking, feedlot,...) |
protein |
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
amino acids |
10 essential |
PVT |
most essential (3) amino acids |
methionine |
important amino acid for dairy cows |
leusine |
important amino acid animals need as a supplement |
types of animal protein |
bloodmeal, fishmeal, feathermeal |
UDP/RUP |
undigestible protein/rumen undigestible protein |
lipids |
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
fatty acids |
unsaturated - liquid at room temp
saturated - solid at room temp (no double bonds) |
gross energy conversions |
fat - 9.45 kcal/g
carbs - 4.20 kcal/g
protein - 5.65 kcal/g |
volatile fatty acids |
three fatty acids are the end product of carbohydrate digestion in the ruminant, produced by microbial fermentation |
carbohydrates |
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
cellobiose |
sugar in plants |
complex carbs |
cellulose, hemicellulose - hard to break down
lignin - cannot be broken down (digested) |
vitamins |
fat soluble - A, E, D, K
water soluble - B, C |
vitamin a |
found in greens, beta carotene, deficiency can cause night blindness |
vitamin d |
converted from sunlight, deficiency causes rickets and kidney stones |
vitamin e |
protect cells from phagocytosis |
vitamin k |
needed for normal blood clotting |
thiamin |
coenzyme a needed in krebs cycle |
macro minerals |
calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, sulfur, chlorine |
salt |
mature animals consume .25-.5 oz/day, provide free choice |
calcium and phosphorus |
normal ration of 2:1 (ca:p)
forages - low in p high in ca
grains - low in ca high in p |
magnesium |
skeletal maintenance and enzyme systems |
potassium |
low K causes stiffness, grazing animals rarely have a problem |
sulfur |
needed in wool producing animals (angnora goats) |
micro minerals |
iron, iodine, manganese, copper, cobalt, zinc, molybdenum, selenium, chromium |
iodine |
deficiency cause goiter |
copper |
copper toxicity is a major problem in show lambs, causes black/brown animals to turn red |
iron |
deficiency problem in pigs, raised on concrete, low iron = anemia |
selenium |
only USDA regulated mineral, needed for embryonic development, toxic over 3 ppm |
roughages (forages) |
feed materials, low in energy, >18% crude fiber (pasture, hay, silage,...), protein 4-22% (alfalfa - high in protein v. bermuda - low in protein), excluded in swine and poultry rations (only ruminants eat them |
carbonaceous concentrates (grains) |
high in energy, low in fiber, low in protein, includes corn, sorghum, oats, barley, wheat, molasses, animal fats,... |
proteinaceous concentrates |
>20% protein, <20% fiber, relatively high energy, includes soybean meal, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, meat and bone meal, blood meal, and dried whey |
#1 feed in all animal rations |
corn |
#2 feed in all animal rations |
soybean meal |
protean substitutes |
urea and biuret (non protein nitrogen sources), can only be fed to ruminants (animals with four compartment stomach), urea is 46% nitrogen |