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CSE 115: TEST 1
Empedocles
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Implanted air
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Plato |
Special air
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Galen |
Receptor Organ
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Vessalius
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Ossicles |
Eustachian
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Tubes
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Fallopius
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IE and vestibular
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Coiter |
Book, transmission of sound
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Perrault
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air in cochlea
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Contugo
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fluid in cochlea
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Muller
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Nerve energies, see thunder
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Jannesen
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Microscope
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Galileo |
Resonance Principle
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Du Verny
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Ribbon structure
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Corti
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rods of corti
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Helmholtz
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resonance place- each nerve specific freq
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Beksey
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Traveling wave thru basilar membrane
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Wever
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freq place theory & volley principle (neuronal summation)
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Deiter
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Rods are arches, don't vibrate
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Resonance Principle
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(Galileo) High mass-vibrates at low freq
High stiff-vibrates high freq
Resonant freq=mass and stiffness in phase
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Resonance Place
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Each rod has natural freq (Helmholtz)
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Place Theory
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Each freq activates diff place
Intensity=#impulse/s
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Frequency Theory
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(Rutherford)All segments vibrate for every freq
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Frequency Place
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Both Freq and Place Theories
Primitive ears use freq
Advanced ears use both place and freq
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Travelling Wave Theory
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(Bekesy) Vibration travels from base to apex
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Ohms Acoustic Law
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Sound is comprised of pure tones
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Volley Principle
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Summation of neural responses
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Speed of Sound
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340 meters/second
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Reference pressure for sound
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.0002dynes/cm^2 or 20microPa
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dB=
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20log(P2/.0002dynes/cm^2)
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Sine formula
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Y(Amplitude)=A(radius)sin(360xfreqxtime)
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Tuning Fork Example
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At rest:
max kinetic energy
max velocity
min potential
Bent
Max displacement
no momentum
max potential
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Linear System
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Symmetrical
No distortion
No harmonics
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Nonlinear Symmetrical
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Odd harmonics distortion
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Nonlinear Asymmetrical
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Odd and even harmonic distortion
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Aperiodic Signal
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Does not repeat, white noise, unpredictable
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2 Equal sounds increase by
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3dB
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If you DOUBLE the PRESSURE
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dB goes up by 6
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When distance is DOUBLED
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Energy level decreases by A FACTOR OF 4
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RMS
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Root mean square, avg of a wave
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Reinforcement
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Wave added to same wave, add 3dB
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Interference
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waves added are not exact, you get acoustic beats
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Cancellation
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Exactly 180degrees apart, cancel eachother, 0dB
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