Front Back
Empedocles
Implanted air
Plato
Special air
Galen
Receptor Organ
Vessalius
Ossicles
Eustachian
Tubes
Fallopius
IE and vestibular
Coiter
Book, transmission of sound
Perrault
air in cochlea
Contugo
fluid in cochlea
Muller
Nerve energies, see thunder
Jannesen
Microscope
Galileo
Resonance Principle
Du Verny
Ribbon structure
Corti
rods of corti
Helmholtz
resonance place- each nerve specific freq
Beksey
Traveling wave thru basilar membrane
Wever
freq place theory & volley principle (neuronal summation)
Deiter
Rods are arches, don't vibrate
Resonance Principle
(Galileo) High mass-vibrates at low freq High stiff-vibrates high freq Resonant freq=mass and stiffness in phase
Resonance Place
Each rod has natural freq (Helmholtz)
Place Theory
Each freq activates diff place Intensity=#impulse/s
Frequency Theory
(Rutherford)All segments vibrate for every freq
Frequency Place
Both Freq and Place Theories Primitive ears use freq Advanced ears use both place and freq
Travelling Wave Theory
(Bekesy) Vibration travels from base to apex
Ohms Acoustic Law
Sound is comprised of pure tones
Volley Principle
Summation of neural responses
Speed of Sound
340 meters/second
Reference pressure for sound
.0002dynes/cm^2 or 20microPa
dB=
20log(P2/.0002dynes/cm^2)
Sine formula
Y(Amplitude)=A(radius)sin(360xfreqxtime)
Tuning Fork Example
At rest: max kinetic energy max velocity min potential Bent Max displacement no momentum max potential
Linear System
Symmetrical No distortion No harmonics
Nonlinear Symmetrical
Odd harmonics distortion
Nonlinear Asymmetrical
Odd and even harmonic distortion
Aperiodic Signal
Does not repeat, white noise, unpredictable
2 Equal sounds increase by
3dB
If you DOUBLE the PRESSURE
dB goes up by 6
When distance is DOUBLED
Energy level decreases by A FACTOR OF 4
RMS
Root mean square, avg of a wave
Reinforcement
Wave added to same wave, add 3dB
Interference
waves added are not exact, you get acoustic beats
Cancellation
Exactly 180degrees apart, cancel eachother, 0dB

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