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COM 112: CHAPTER 2
perception
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the process of using our senses to understand and respond to stimuli. This process occurs in four stages: attending and selecting, organizing, interpreting, and retrieving
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Attending and selecting
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the first stage in the perception process, requiring us to use our visual, auditory, tactile, and olfactory senses to respond to stimuli in out interpersonal environment
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mindful |
having the ability to engage our senses so that we are observant and aware of our surroundings
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selective perception
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directing our attention to certain stimuli while ignoring other stimuli
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organizing |
the second stage of the perception process, in which we place what are often a number of confusing pieces of information into a understandable, accessible, and orderly arrangement
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relational schema
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a mental framework or memory structure that we rely on to understand experience and to guide our future behavior in relationships
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stereotyping |
categorizing individuals according to a fixed impression, whether positive or negative, of an entire group to which they belong
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interpreting
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the third stage of the perception process, in which we assign meaning to what we perceive
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retrieving |
the fourth and final stage of the perception process, in which we recall information stored in our memories
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selective retention
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recalling information that agrees with our perceptions and selectively forgetting information that does not
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sex
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the biological makeup of an individual (male/female)
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gender
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the learned behaviors a culture associates with being a male or female, known as masculinity and femininity
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gender role socialization
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the process by which women and men learn the gender roles appropriate to their sex. this process affects the way the sexes perceive the world
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gender schema
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a mental framework we use to process and categorize beliefs, ideas, and events as either masculine or feminine in order to understand and organize the world
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self-concept
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a relatively stable set of perceptions we hold of ourselves
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symbolic interactionism theory
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the theory that our understanding of ourselves and of the world is shaped by our interactions with those around us
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self-awareness
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our understanding of who we are
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self-esteem
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an evaluation of who we perceive ourselves to be
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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a prediction or explanation about our future behavior that is likely to come true because we believe it and thus act in ways that make it come true
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identity management theory
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the theory that explain the manner in which you handle your"self" in various circumstances; includes competency, identity, and face
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face
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the image of the self we choose to present to others in our interpersonal encounters
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positive face
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our desire to be liked by significant people in our lives and have them confirm our beliefs, respect our abilities, and value what we value
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negative face
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our desire that others refrain from imposing their will on us, respect our individuality and our uniqueness, and avoid interfering with our actions or beliefs
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self-monitoring
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actively thinking about and controlling our public behaviors and actions
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implicit personality theory
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the theory that we rely on a set of a few characteristics to draw inferences about others and use those inferences as the basis of our communication with them
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halo effect
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matching like qualities with each other to create an overall perception of someone or somethign
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positive halo
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occurs when we place positive qualities together
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negative halo
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occurs when we group negative qualities together
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attribution theory
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a theory that explains how we create explanations or attach meaning to another person's behavior or our own
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worldview
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a unique personal frame for viewing life and life's events
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fact
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a piece of information that is verifiable by direct observation
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inference
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a conclusion derived from a fact, but it does not reflect direct observation or experience
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relational uppers
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people who support and trust us as we improve our self-concept
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