DSOC 1101: FINAL
147 Cards in this Set
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Absolute Poverty
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A minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below
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Achieved Status
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A social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts
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Ascribed Status
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A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics
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Bourgeoisie
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Karl Marx's term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of production
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Capitalism
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An economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits
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Caste
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A hereditary rank, usually religiously dictated, that tends to be fixed and immobile
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Class
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A group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income
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Class consciousness
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In Karl Marx's view, a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change
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Class system
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A social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility
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Closed system
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A social system in which there is little or no possibility of individual social mobility
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Corporate welfare
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Tax breaks, bailouts, direct payments, and grants that the government gives to corporations
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Digital divide
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The relative lack of access to the latest technologies among low-income groups, racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and the citizens of developing countries
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Dominant ideology
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A set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests
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Estate system
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A system of stratification under which peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services. Also known as feudalism.
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Esteem
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The reputation that a specific person has earned within an occupation
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False consciousness
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A term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position
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Feminization of poverty
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A trend in which women constitute an increasing proportion of the poor people of the United States
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Horizontal mobility
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The movement of an individual from one social position to another of the same rank
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Income
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Salaries and wages
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Intergenerational mobility
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Changes in the social position of children relative to their parents
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Intragenerational mobility
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Changes in social position within a person's adult life
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Life chances
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The opportunities people have to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences
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Objective method
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A technique for measuring social class that assigns individuals to classes on the basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence
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Open system
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A social system in which the position of each individual is influenced by his or her achieved status
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Power
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The ability to exercise one's will over others
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Precarious work
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Employment that is poorly paid, and from the worker's perspective, insecure and unprotected
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Prestige
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The respect and admiration that an occupation holds in a society
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Proletariat
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Karl Marx's term for the working class in a capitalist society
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Relative poverty
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A floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole
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Slavery
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A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people
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Social inequality
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A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power
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Social mobility
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Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another
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Socioeconomic status (SES)
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A measure of social class that is based on income, education, and occupation
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Status group
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People who have the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class positions
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Stratification
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A structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society
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Underclass
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The long-term poor who lack training and skills
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Vertical mobility
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The movement of an individual from one social position to another of a different rank
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Wealth
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An inclusive term encompassing all a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property
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Affirmative action
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Positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities
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Amalgamation
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The process through which a majority group and a minority group combine to form a new group
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Anti-Semitism
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Anti-Jewish prejudice
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Apartheid
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A former policy of the South African government, designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites
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Assimilation
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The process through which a person forsakes his or her cultural tradition to become part of a different culture
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Black power
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A political philosophy, promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s, that supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions
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Color-blind racism
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The use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo
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Contact hypothesis
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An interactionist perspective, which states that in cooperative circumstances, interracial contact between people of equal status will reduce prejudice
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Discrimination
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The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons
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Ethnic group
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A group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns
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Ethnocentrism
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The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others
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Exploitation theory
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A Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the United States as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism
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Genocide
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The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation
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Glass ceiling
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An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of an individual's gender, race, or ethnicity
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Hate crime
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A criminal offense committed because of the offender's bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation
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Institutional discrimination
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The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society
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Minority group
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A subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their lives than the members of a dominant or majority group have over theirs
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Model, or ideal, minority
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A subordinate group whose members have succeeded economically, socially, and educationally despite past prejudice and discrimination, and without resorting to confrontations with Whites
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Pluralism
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Mutual respect for one another's cultures among the various groups in a society, which allows minorities to express their cultures without experiencing prejudice
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Prejudice
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A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority
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Racial formation
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A sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed
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Racial group
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A group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance
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Racial profiling
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Any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior
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Racism
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The belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior
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Segregation
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The physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and social events: often imposed on a minority group by a dominant group
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Stereotype
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An unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group
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Symbolic ethnicity
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An ethnic identity that emphasizes concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage
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Transnational
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An immigrant who sustains multiple social relationships that link his or her society of origin with the society of settlement
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White privilege
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Rights or immunities granted to people as a particular benefit or favor simply because they are white
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Expressiveness
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Concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family
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Feminism
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The belief in social, economic, and political equality for women
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Gender role
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Expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females
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Homophobia
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Fear of and prejudice against homosexuality
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Institutional discrimination
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The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society
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Instrumentality
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An emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions
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Matrix of domination
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The cumulative impact of oppression because of race and ethnicity, gender, and social class, as well as religion, sexual orientation, disability, age, and citizenship status
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Multiple masculinities
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A variety of male gender roles, including nurturing caring and effeminate-gay roles, that men may play along with their more pervasive traditional role of dominating women
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Second shift
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The double burden--work outside the home followed by child care and housework--that many women face and few men share equitably
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Sexism
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The ideology that one sex is superior to the other
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Adoption
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In a legal sense, a process that allows for the transfer of the legal rights, responsibilities, and privileges of parenthood to a new legal parent or parents
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Bilateral descent
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A kinship system in which both sides of a person's family are regarded as equally important
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Cohabitation
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The practice of living together as a male-female couple without marrying
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Domestic partnership
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Two unrelated adults who share a mutually caring relationship, reside together, and agree to be jointly responsible for their dependents, basic living expenses, and other common necessities
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Egalitarian family
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An authority pattern in which spouses are regarded as equals
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Endogamy
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The restriction of mate selection to people within the same group
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Exogamy
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The requirement that people select a mate outside certain groups
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Extended family
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A family in which relatives--such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles--live in the same home as parents and their children
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Familism
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Pride in the extended family, expressed through the maintenance of close ties and strong obligations to kinfolk outside the immediate family
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Family
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A set of people related by blood, marriage or some other agreed-on relationship, or adoption, who share the primary responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society
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Homogamy
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The conscious or unconscious tendency to select a mate with personal characteristics similar to one's own
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Incest taboo
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The prohibition of sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives
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Kinship
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The state of being related to others
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Machismo
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A sense of virility, personal worth, and pride one's maleness
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Matriarchy
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A society in which women dominate in family decision making
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Matrilineal descent
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A kinship system in which only the mother's relatives are significant
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Monogamy
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A form of marriage in which one woman and one man are married only to each other
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Nuclear family
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A married couple and their unmarried children living together
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Patriarchy
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A society in which men dominate in family decision making
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Patrilineal descent
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A kinship system in which only the father's relatives are significant
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Polyandey
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A form of polygamy in which a woman may have more than one husband at the same time
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Polygamy
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A form of marriage in which an individual may have several husbands or wives simulataneously
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Polygyny
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A form of polygamy in which a man may have more than one wife at the same time
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Serial monogamy
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A form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time
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Single-parent family
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A family in which only one parent is present to care for the children
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Correspondence principle
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The tendency of schools to promote the values expected of individuals in each social class and perpetuate social class divisions from one generation to the next
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Creationism
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A literal interpretation of the Bible regarding the creation of humanity and the universe, used to argue that evolution should not be presented as established scientific fact
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Credentialism
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An increase in the lowest level of education required to enter a field
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Denomination
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A large, organization that claims to include most of all members of a society and is recognized as the national or official religion
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Education
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A formal process of learning in which some people consciously teach while others adopt the social role of learner
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Established sect
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A religious group that is the outgrowth of a sect, yet remains isolated from society
Established sect
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Fundamentalism
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An emphasis on doctrinal conformity and the literal interpretation of sacred texts
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Hidden curriculum
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Standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools
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Tracking
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Refers to the practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of their test scores and other criteria
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Teacher-expectancy effect
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The impact that a teacher's expectations about a student's performance may have on the student's actual achievements
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Max Weber's five basic characteristics of bureaucracy
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1) Division of labor 2) Hierarchy of authority 3) Written rules and regulations 4) Impersonality 5) Employment based on technical qualifications
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Burton Clark, Martin Trow, Helen Horowitz distinctive subcultures among college students
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1) Collegiate 2) Academic 3) Vocational 4) Nonconformist
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Affirmative action
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Positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities
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Authority
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Institutionalized power that is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised
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Capitalism
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An economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits
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Charismatic authority
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Power made legitimate by a leader's exceptional personal or emotional appeal to his or her followers
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Color-blind racism
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The use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo
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Communism
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As an ideal type, an economic system under which all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis or people's ability to produce
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De-industrialization
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The systematic, widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity, such as factories and plants
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Democracy
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In a literal sense, government by the people
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Dictatorship
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A government in which one person has nearly total power to make and enforce laws
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Downsizing
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Reductions taken in a company's workforce as part of deindustrialization
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Economic system
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The social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed
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Elite model
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A view of society as being ruled by a small group of individuals who share a common set of political and economic interests
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Force
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The actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one's will on others
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Industrial society
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A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services
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Influence
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The exercise of power through a process of persuasion
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Informal economy
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Transfers of money, goods, or services that not reported to the government
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Laissez-faire
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A form of capitalism under which people compete freely, with minimal government intervention in the economy
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Microfinancing
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Lending small sums of money to the poor so they can work their way out of poverty
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Monarchy
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A form of government headed by a single member of a royal family, usually a king, queen, or some other hereditary ruler
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Monopoly
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Control of a market by a single business firm
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Oligarchy
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A form of government in which a few individuals rule
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Peace
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The absence of war, or more broadly, a proactive effort to develop cooperative relations among nations
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Pluralist model
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A view of society in which many competing groups within the community have access to government, so that no single group is dominant
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Political system
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The social institution that is founded on a recognized set of procedures for implementing and achieving society's goals
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Politics
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In Harold Lasswell's words, "who gets what, when, and how."
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Power elite
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A small group of military, industrial, and government leaders who control the fate of the United States
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Rational-legal authority
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Power made legitimate by law
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Representative democracy
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A form of government in which certain individuals are selected to speak for the people
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Socialism
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An economic system under which the means of production and distribution are collectively owned
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Terrorism
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The use or threat of violence against random or symbolic targets in pursuit of political aims
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Totalitarianism
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Virtually complete government control and surveillance over all aspects of a society's social and political life
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Traditional authority
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Legitimate power conferred by custom and accepted practice
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War
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Conflict between organizations that possess trained combat forces equipped with deadly weapons
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DSOC 1101: FINAL