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HIST 1311:Test Two
Treaty of Paris of 1783
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Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States and grant them land
Will end the Revolutionary War
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The Albany Congress/Albany Plan
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Formed in response to the French and Indian War; called for a Plan of Union which involved a President-General of the united colonies and a Grand Council that would oversee defense, Indian relations, settlement in the West (regulate expansion) , and levying taxes, unified currency (same in all the states and is a form of exchange
Benjamin franklin
IT WAS NOT APPROVED!
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Laboratories of Republicanism
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Background (all states are different with different people and governing ideas)
Old Charter- House of Burgesses Virginia
Power of Written Words-unify the colonies even though they are different Will reinsitute old charters but does not unify does the opposite
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Old Charter
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House of Burgeses Virginia
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Power of the Written Words
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Unify the colonies even though they are different, reinstitue old charters but does not unify does the opposite instead
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Stat Constitution
(Laboraties of Republicanism)
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Old Charters and representation (Natural Laws- life, liberty, property)
Government job is to protect these laws.
Property will turn into pursuit of happiness
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Model of Massachusetts
(Laboraties of Republicanism)
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Model for other states and unification
"we the people"-for the people
Can vote- male property holders
represented by republicanism-two houses with indirect republication
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Bicameral
(Model of Massachusetts)
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Two Houses (Senate and House)
Senate- equal representation
House- depending how much people living in the state
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Governor
(Model of Massachusetts)
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Weak position, in charge of signing laws, Veto, not much power
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National Level
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Ability to make treaty wars
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Congress and Articles of Confederation
(National Level)
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Bring States Together
1. Purpose equality to all the states
2. Unified congress will claim land for states so they won't fight
3. Taxes will be drawn from states based on population
More pop- more money (including slaves)
Virginia made because of Taxation (good for big states)
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Limitations
(National Level)
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1. Unicameral- one house (state legislatures) weak central government, no head of government
2. no court system
3. one state=one vote
4. Does not have the ability to regulate trade
5. Taxation-- wanted power tax states; Rhode island blocks (money going back to England b/c they need to pay debt
6. Capital- There is no capital city to accomadate everyone
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National Level
Good Things
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Can establish treaty
land state
establish postal system
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Northwest Ordinance
National Level
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First real national government, open territory expansion
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Northwest Ordinance
National level
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Like Bacon's Rebellion; canotic congress has to deal with it.
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Northwest Ordinance
Political Structures
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Congress will put Bill of Rights; freedom of religion and freedom of speech
No slavery will be allowed major issue b/c its primarily farmland
Pop 60,000 can petition for statehood if admitted equal state terms
Pop 50,000 own legislature government
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Northwest Ordinance
Land Division
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Will break down land ans sell it to support the military
36 sections rational and sell each individually
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North West Ordinance
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Is good for the US, stops dispute between colonies, gives a source of revenue
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Foreign Relation
National Level
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Going through economic relations between Britain and Spain. Problems with Massachusetts and South Americans (no power) so these are important.
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Foreign Relation
Britain
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They are still in forts (property of Northwest ordinance now)
Americans must deal with treaties and militia (governors run the militia) Does not work b/c no states wants to send their militia
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John Jay
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Will make a 25 year deal with Spanish that Americans will trade their good through Spain.
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Foreign Relations
Spain
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All Louisiana territory will become Spanish. The area is very useful b/c of the Mississippi river and farmland. John Jay important for treaty with Spain.
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James Madison
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Wants to have the convention to refine the article of confederation in Nappoles Maryland
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Shays' rebellion
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series of attacks on courthouses (burnig records showing they have debts) by a small band of farmers (25% of people) led by captain Daniel Shays
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Shay's Rebellion-Massachusetts 1786
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Daniels shays
Farmers had bought land at inflated prices
Could not pay mortgage
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Shay's Rebellion
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Massachusetts militia stopped the revolt, however the militia were family of the rebellion and did not want to kill their family members by revolting. This was a problem with leadership
Significance= Americans recognize need and national militia, national taxes and lead by national government.
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Constitutional Reform
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Madison relocates a convention, it is a secret; will meet in Philadelphia (Rushed and Hushed thing) There was no media, no reporters, door were locked, really undercover, not pleasant.
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Philadelphia Convention
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Will try to reform articles but then decides to throw them out instead
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Virginia Plan
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Was presented in the Philadelphia convention; Madison will do a radical departure
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Virginia Plan
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Votes passed on Population
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Virginia Plan
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Bicameral lower house selected by white land holders, The upper house will be selected by the lower house (power base for a specific group of people)
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Virginia Plan
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strong executive to reserve the articles of confederation (upper house will elect president) for madison this democracy
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Virginia Plan
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Nation judiciary (court system) unified set of rules for conesion of states especially for money and property
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New Jersey Plan
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Conservative response
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William Patterson
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Proponent of the New Jersey plan
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William Patterson
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Different Idea wants states to have equal representation (smaller population)
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New Jersey Plan
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Unicameral-one group
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New Jersey Plan
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A congress that can regulate trade and create a national taxation
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Connecticut Congress Compromise
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A compromise b/w new jersey and Virginia plan.
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Connecticut Congress Compromise
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strong central government. Rhode Island stand up for unanimity and compromise
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Roger Shirley
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Will get states together to compromise with both plans
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Virgina
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Bicameral, lower house elected by population
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Connecticut Congress Compromise
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Is like a compromise but benefits big states.
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Connecticut Congress Compromise
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slavery 3/5- 3 votes for every 5 slaves benefits big slaves with slavery
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Slavery
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Main increase 1783 in slavery North Carolina. There is still slavery but less than before slowly down.
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Fugitive Slave
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Slaves who ran away to another state should be returned to their owner.
Persons that helped out those slaves were fined or jailed.
Slaves that ran away weren't allowed to trial by jury, nor testify. 1793
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Slavery
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This creates new dimensions b/w state south 1788 responding to Northwest Ordinance (will expand State)
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No Slavery
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Profits are low
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Elle Whitney
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Creates cotton gin-speeds up production of cotton. More profitable applities growth of slavery
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Whitney
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His cotton gin invention of 1793 helped the southern economy and increased the demand for slaves
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Ratification
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Commerce will put finish details
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Connecticut Congress Compromise
Ratification
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Strong executive-president that has power to veto legislation
Elected through electoral college (election elected by state governor basically the land holders)
Process that is nor direct
starting to run political parties
runner up is the president
If a tie house of rep gets to choose who wins
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Washington's First Term (1789-1792)
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Is elected b/c looks the part and was part of revolutionary not a good leader
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Elections of 1789
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Candidate is chosen based on population; big states like Virginia and New York are at an advantage
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sec.of war knox
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Leading democratic - republican, opposed hamiltons ideas. Washington tended to side with hamliton, so jefferson resigned
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Jefferson (state)
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Executive Department, domestic issues, author of declaration
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Hamilton
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Treasury, monetary
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Judiciary Act (1789)
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Will set the supreme court-will settle dispute b/w states will create a position by interpreting the law
-set up 13 circuit courts (hear out cases) unified court system
keep us with tradition and persevere of the government
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Tariff of 1789
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Primarily for revenue; some protection for "infant industries;" (Washington administration)
Establish of national tariff 5%-lowered the tariff in mallaceous
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Hamilton
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The son that Washington never had
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Hamilton
Loose Construction
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Author of the federalist, knows how he wants to write the constitution (must be strong) views constitution as set of limitations but can be worked around
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Hamilton
Intellectual/Urban
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Lived in NY city and well educated
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Hamilton
Commerce
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Merchants should be running country
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Hamilton
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Pro British view the British as a model for the u.s.
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Hamilton
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Property- will preserve property by putting in charge highly educated people.
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Hamilton
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Wants highly educated people should run the government strong centralized government
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Jefferson
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Should be a strong federal government, ran by the states, federal republicans like ancient Rome.
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Jefferson
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Strict constitution-if it is not in the constitution, the government can not do it. Set of strict limitations
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Jefferson
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Yeoman farmer -tied to land/hard worker and small enterpienuar should run the government
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Jefferson
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Pro-function-against centralized government linked to Enlightment-french took us ideas and used them in france were sucessful
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Jefferson
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Liberty-Believe in civil liberty
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Hamilton and Jefferson
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Both Men are federalist that will break into two parties
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First U.S census
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(Jefferson) Allows to have an accurate count of the population; 5 people counted with will help determine how many votes per state
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Hamilton's Report to Congress
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Reports about the economy an suggestions on how to improve
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Report on Public Credit (1790)
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National debt after the revolution
debts on local and state
- oyu local debts-bought by speculators in low money
-state debt-bought by other states
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Elections of 1792
Washington' 2nd term `
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Genet will offer marks to U,S people in other countries will help aid the french (bad b/c if British find out, war will arise U.S not in position to right
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Funding the debtors
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will pay state debts and will return full money to local debts (funding and assumption)
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Hamilton's Report on Banking (1791)
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Wants to create a centralized bank for funds
Public/Private, officail bank of the U.S hold deposits, dispute money who bought debt, hold tax on revenue.
Bank should be funded through exile ta on whiskey
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"Necessary and Proper Claws"
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Hamilton, loose construction, government has the right to construct bank (implied powers)
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Report on Manufacture
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Inflate prices of outside goods will make impossible to buy (does not work)
reinterpreting the idea of debt to set up the U.S
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Elections of 1792
Washington' 2nd term `
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Background-Madison sides with Jefferson b/c Washington usually sides with Hamilton
War against Monarchy -1793 Louis is decapitated
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Elections of 1796
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Hamilton will be involved but not run he doesn't want Adams to win b/c he is too independent
vote break down
Jefferson will be elected VP (democratic)- create serious issues
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Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
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Early attempts at restrictions within the Republic
1798 – Alien and Sedition Acts
Signed by President John Adams
Illegal to publish “false, scandalous, or malicious writings against the government of the United States
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Jay Treaty 1794
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Treaty negotiated with Britain that attempted to settle the conflicts at sea as well as the English confrontation with Native American allies.
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Jay Treaty
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1 Conpiciption of the ships seizes by British
2 want British to leave U.S grounds
3 Want Neutrality
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Jay Treaty
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Washington will senate approve and maddison wants to see the documents b/w jay and British known as executive privilege
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Executive Privilege
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Consesion from Spanish
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Pickney's Treaty
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1) The U.S. was given the right to freely navigate the Mississippi
2) U.S. gained right of deposit in New Orleans
3) Boundary between Spanish Florida and the U.S set on the 31st parallel
4) Spain agreed to control the Indians in Spanish Florida
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Whiskey Rebellion
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Occurred in Southwest Pennsylvania, farmers rallied to oppose the taxes placed on their whiskey. They were confronted with Washington's militia and quicky backed down
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Response to Whiskey Rebellion
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Washington puts together a military force-federal force with federal funds; hands it to Hamilton b/c he is too tired
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Whiskey Rebellion
Hamilton
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Will accuse two people who he thinks are the leaders; trails them and he believes they should be executed
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Whiskey Rebellion
Washington
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Will patron them though and go against Hamilton (trying to keep the peace)
Important= Division among government (why the constitution was designed)
Hamilton is getting too much power
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Alien Enemies Law
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Limited to two years: President could detain or deport citizens of nations w/ which the US was at war and who behaved in a suspicious manner - since Adams refused to go to war this legislation never went into effect - 1st of Alien and Sedition Acts
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George washington farewell adress
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against...
political parties
against sectionalism
sent out papers
no speech
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Washington Farewell Address
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After washington is done gave a speech of what not to do
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Washington
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Follows Hamilton more than Jefferson
Puts a percedent for future presidents(only serve two terms)
was pretty much a federalist
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The Federalist Reign
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Admas Presidency
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Adams Presidency
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Washington's VP
Ran against Jefferson (political enemies)
Gained power through foreign problems
French angry over John Jay's treaty so they started stopping American ships
-Seized ships total is over $20,000
Alien Act & Sedition Act
Republicans fought back b/c it was Adams way of punishing them
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Republicanism Response
VA and KY Resolution
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Madison (VA) and Jefferson (KY) and mostly argue for the ability to nullify (cancel out) federal law in states
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Foreign Affairs
X,Y Z affairs
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Info about the negotiation begins to spill out to the media and Jefferson makes widely known
-french individuals who called themselves X,Y, Z would only talk to U.S if they bribe them
a. democratic sees this as a joke
b. Republic party sees this as the democrats working with the french and paying them off
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Response to X,Y,Z Affairs
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Adams starts dumping money into the militia and military build up
a. Washington going to lead with Hamilton
b. Hamilton going to take over the military force
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Alien Law
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president could expel ANY foreigner simply by executive degree (immigrants)
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Naturalization Law
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expanded waiting period to become a U.S. citizen from 5 to 14 years
prevent Irish immigrants for voting for Democratic-Republicans
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Sedition Act
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Provided fines or jailing of persons who criticized the United States government.
Direct response to Jefferson and his press, makes it illegal to make critical remakes about government policy (challenging the first amendment)
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KY and VA Resolution
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They were declarations passed in 1798 and 1799. This claimed each state has the right to decide whether a federal law is constitutional or if it is unconstitutional.
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Republicanism Response
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Justify nullification through compact theory state has power wants to go back to it
states put the government power
A impression on people coming after them
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Lame Ducks
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Outgoing officials that had little influence and accomplished little- they were ineffective.
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Adams
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Lame Ducks, is going after Hamilton b/c he is not going to be elected again, gives Hamilton military power but with no funding
Federalist Congress
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Jefferson "Revolution"
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Political change of parties
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Election of 1800
Jefferson VS Adams
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Hamilton will back up b/c he wants to control over the executive
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Elections of 1800
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Republicans are going to win
Erin Burr and Jefferson tie (Burr wants to be vice presidential the beginning) but than wants to be president as well
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Elections of 1800
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House will get involved and see who will win, Hamilton will get involve and believes Jefferson will be better president
Hamilton will make enimeies with Burr and set things up to have power
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Inaugural Address
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revolution of 1800-first time power has changed hands by party in U.S history (peacefully transfer power in government)
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Judiciary Act of 1801 (1801)
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Adams and the federalist wanted to keep control over gov. even though the republicans won office
Will pass this act that will reduce the supreme court system (more power and have to fill the seats) Judges are never voted out (Will be judges until they die)
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Marbury
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appointed by adams to become justice of peace
needs his letter but madison wont give it to him b/c jefferson told him that he cant pass anymore out
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Marbury vs Madison
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-Marbury was appointed to a judicial position
-by president Adams -but Secretary of State Madison
-of Jeffersons presidency -refused to appoint him
-calling the appointment unfair.
-The Supreme Court ruled that Marbury should be appointed
-but the court couldn't enforce the appointment
-bc the section of judicial act of 1789
-that have him the power to issue a "writ" or court order
-was unconstitutional
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Marbury
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Was wrong when he brought case to supreme court b/c it is not original judistic; case has to be at a lower level and may appeal to go to supreme court
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Article 3
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Will explain the judiciary act as unconstitutional
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Madison
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Will make a precedent to determine what is constitutional or not
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Jefferson Aims
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Want to reduce the size of military
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Jefferson Aims
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Repeal all the federalist legislation (alien sedation acts)-barrier to freedom of expression
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Jefferson Aims
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Get rid of exiles tax on whiskey (appeal to farmers)
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Jefferson Aims
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Stay out of foreign affairs
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Jefferson Aims
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Believes a standing army is a sign of tyranny
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Jefferson Aims
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Reduce the size of national debt (Hamilton believes is good b/c is investment to U.S when people buy ) shrink the power
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Jefferson Aims
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Does the opposite in all his aims
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Breakout in Haiti
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Owned by the French, Spanish night, Main killer of disease of soldiers
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"Spanish Night"
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Hanging of french officers, slaves will rebel in Haiti. Some french escape and will go to U.S for refugee
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Napoleon
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Wants Louisiana to feed his military has to invade Haiti and put down revolution but then decides to sell Louisiana to U.S to fund European War
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Jefferson
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Will try to make a constitutional amendment to justify his buying of New Orleans; people don't care b/c he doubled the U.S (strong centralized power)
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Jefferson's 1st Term
Foreign Affairs Barbary corsair
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Ottoman empire pirates
-Thefts of the crown and set up miniature republics. Taking individual captives to get money
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"Redemption and Mortality"
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Pay pirates off large sums of money to avoid fighting with england ans spain. (Redeem people they captured for money)
Thefts will go to Ireland and Iceland
Thefts will convert to Islam so it could be " right" to captivate people
Some Europeans trying to fight thefts but are not successful
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Foreign Affairs Barbary Corsair
Economics
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U.S is spending 20% of federal budget to pay pirates (2 million)
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elections of 1804
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TJ re-elected. However Foreign issues were at hand. Trying to remain neutral when both British and France were seizing american ships. due to the war between the two.
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Election of 1804
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Government recognize the problem of electoral college and will pass the 12th amendment (last amendment before the civil war) first time the president and vice president was put in the ballot
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Aaron Burr
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Aaron Burr, Jr. was the third Vice President of the United States; he served during President Thomas Jefferson's first term. After serving as a Continental Army officer in the Revolutionary War, Burr became a successful lawyer and politician.
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Aaron Burr
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Ended up being vice president in 1804 and will run for New York governor. He was power hungry campaign against Thomas Jefferson he believes is Hamilton's fault
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