60 Cards in this Set
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Three Conditions are Required for Successfully Performing Integration
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1) Overcoming mono-diciplinarity
2) Triangulating depth, breadth, & integration
3) Cultivating 7 qualities of mind
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What is mono-disciplinarity
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Tendency to view a problem primarily from the perspective of the discipline in which you are grounded, while discounting or rejecting other disciplinary perspectives
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How to Overcome Mono-disciplinarity
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1) Cognitive Decentering
2) Holistic Thinking
3) Balance Conflicting Views
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Cognitive Decentering
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The intellectual capacity to consider a variety of other perspectives and thus perceive reality more accurately, process information more systematically, and solve problems more efficiently
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Holistic Thinking
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Thinking about a problem as part of a complete system.
Accept similarities and differences
Find a comprehensive balance between disciplinary breadth and disciplinary depth
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Balance Conflicting Views
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Sort out strengths and weaknesses of each discipline
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Disciplinary Breadth
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A broad view that includes all the disciplines, sub-disciplines, and inter-disciplines interested in the problem at hand
Refers to disciplines that have produces the more relevant insights
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Disciplinary Depth
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The disciplinary knowledge that one must draw upon-- includes a deep understanding of the overall perspective of each relevant discipline
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Why Identify Conflicts
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Integrating can only come out of conflict, controversy, and difference.
Once the conflicts are identified you can begin creating common ground
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Interdisciplinary Common Ground is
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1 or more concepts or assumptions through which conflicting insights or theories can be largely reconciled and subsequently integrated, thus enabling collaborative communication between disciplines.
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Why do we need common ground
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Develop collaborative communication among disciplinary scholars and reconcile different insights and theories on a particular problem
Without common ground integration will be impossible
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4 Techniques for Creating Common Ground
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1) Redefinition
2) Extension
3) Transformation
4) Organization
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Redefinition
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Modifying or redefining concepts in different texts and contexts to bring out a common meaning
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Extension
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Increasing the scope of the concepts or assumptions by extending their meaning beyond the domain of the discipline that created them into the domains of the other relevant disciplines
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Transformation
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Used to modify concepts or assumptions that are not merely different, but opposites into continuos variables
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Organization
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Clarifies how certain phenomena interact and mapping casual relationships. Involves common ground in the meaning of concepts/constructs and redefines them accordingly.
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Intuition
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The natural ability to understand or perceive something immediately without consciously using reason, analysis or inference
Required for integration
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Narrow Interdisciplinary
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Drawing on disciplines that are epistemologically close (ex. physics & chemistry)
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Wide Interdisciplinary
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Wide Interdisciplinary
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Interdisciplinary Integration
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The cognitive process of critically evaluating disciplinary insights, and creating common ground among them to construct a more comprehensive understanding. The understanding is the product or result of the integrative process.
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6 strategies that can be used for integration
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Sequential or end-to-end
Horizontal or side-by-side
Multiple causality
Cross-level or multi-level
Spatial
Analytical
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Interdisciplinary Reflection
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Defining a deliberate, self-conscious activity that involves thinking about why certain choices were made at various points in the research process and how these choices have affected the development of the work
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Why Reflection
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Guide students/researchers to add material to their conclusions
Revisit previous steps and determine what could have been done better
What are the limitations of your work/theory/understanding
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Why Else Reflection
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Students should reflect on what was learned from applying the interdisciplinary research process that they can apply in future research projects, and in tackling the complex problems faced beyond college.
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Step 7 of ID Process
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Identify conflicts between insights
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Cultivating 7 Qualities of Mind
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Seeking what is useful, even if it is problematic
Thinking inclusively and integratively, not exclusively
Maintaining intellectual flexibility
Thinking inductively and deductively
Thinking about the whole while simultaneously working with parts
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What does the final result of integration look like
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Accommodates epistemological differences among the disciplinary knowledge bases
A product that is new and more comprehensive
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Importance of Identifying Conflicts
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You have to understand and describe WHY insights/theories and conflict
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3 Sources of Conflict
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Assumptions
Theories
Concepts/Constructs
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Step 8 of ID Process
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Create Common Ground between Concepts or Theories
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Step 9 of ID Process
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Construct a more Comprehensive Understanding
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Step 10 of ID Process
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Reflect on, Test, & Communicate the Understanding
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9 Core Ideas for creating Common Ground
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Necessary for collaborative communication
Requires unconventional thinking
Is achieved through the use of language
Created whenever concepts or theories conflict
Created by modifying concepts or theories directly or through their assumptions
Integral to preparing concepts/ theories…
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1) Common ground is necessary
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The purpose of creating common ground is to develop collaborative communication among disciplinary scholars and reconcile different insights and theories on a particular problem
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2) Common Ground Requires Unconventional Thinking
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Unconventional thinking means that we must actively create commonalities, rather than further solidify/strengthen differences
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3) Common Ground is Achieved through Language
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Clear, precise, and articulate language is necessary and important
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4) Must be created whenever concepts or theories conflict
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Whenever a conflict arises, forward progress toward integration can only be resumed through the process of creating common ground
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When to seek common ground
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When different concepts/insighs are in conflict regarding the SAME problem or process
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Theory of Planned Behavior
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Theories not only give the user information about what concepts/constructs are important, but how these constructs are related to each other. These should be taken into account during the process of creating common ground.
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Theories not only give the user information about what concepts/constructs are important, but how these constructs are related to each other. These should be taken into account during the process of creating common ground.
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Only by creating common ground can you create a language which is then used to communicate during full integration
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7) Requires using Intuition
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Intuition- the natural ability to understand or perceive something immediately without consciously using reason, analysis or inference
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Interdiscriplinarian's Responsibility
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Interdiscriplinarian's Responsibility
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Creating common ground will NOT guarantee integration.... but failing to create common ground will guarantee integration can not take place
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Summary of Creating Common Ground
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The purpose of creating common ground is to prepare for integration through discussing and adopting a common language
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Integration Process
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Use the common ground created in step 8 to integrate the various parts or sub-systems that compose the complex problem as a whole
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Conflicts that may arise among group members in integration
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Propositions- a truth claim that generally involves an argument about how one or more variables affect one or more other variables
Causal Arguments- examine the underlying cause for any particular situation or argument, and analyze what causes a trent, an event or a phenomena
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Sequential or End-to-End
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Implies a sequential causal order
Ex. Arrest for gang violence
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Horizontal or Side-to-Side
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Implies non-overlapping, or fully complementary causes to the SAME outcome
Ex. Prescription Drug Overdose
Two Categories
a. The explanations are fully complementary, but focus on separate aspects of outcome
b. Explanations have the same outcome but are fully competing
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Multiple Causality
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Several variables combined to produce an effect
Ex. The outcome phenomena is seen as the outcome of several different independent variables
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Cross-Level or Multilevel
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Different behaviors occur in different levels
Ex. Social Ecological Model
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Spatial
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Theoretical explanations of why the causes or effects of problems are not distributed evenly
Ex. Geographical distribution of obesity in the US
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Analytical
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Different analytical perspectives are used to evaluate a highly complex process involving multiple factors such as metropolitan formation
Ex. What are the CAUSES of geographical differences in the distribution of obesity in the US
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Reflections should guide students/researchers to add material to their conclusions
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...
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Students should reflect on what was learned from applying the interdisciplinary research process that they can apply in future research projects, and in tackling the complex problems faced beyond college
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...
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5 Reflective Thoughts to Include in the Paper
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What has been learned from the project on an academic level
What steps were omitted/could be improved
What were your biases
What were your strengths and weaknesses of the insights, theories, and methods used
What are your best recommendations for future work int his area and why
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The Integration Part of the ID Research Process
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7) Identify Conflicts between insights
8) Create common ground between concepts or theories
9) Construct a more comprehensive understanding
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Example of Transformation:
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To overcome barriers between Sociology and Psychology, the individual versus the whole, transformation was used
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Example of Redefinition
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Decision making in treatment of cancer:
Modify decision-making in treatment of cancer so that it equally takes into consideration the patients perspective and the physicians perspectives
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Example of Organization
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Health Beliefs Model- Actions typically depend on their perceptions of the benefits and barriers related to an illness/treatment
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At the end of Step 9 the interdisciplinary process should be nuanced:
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Nuanced- the product includes clarification
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HDF 201: Exam 2