33 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
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Oxidation (LEO)
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lose electrons
oxygen is added
increase oxidation number
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Reduction (GER)
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gain electrons
lose oxygen
decrease oxidation number
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Oxidizing agent (OAR)
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causes oxidation
accepts electrons
is reduced
oxidation number goes down
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Reducing agent (RAO)
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causes reduction
donates electrons
is oxidized
oxidation number goes up
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
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electrons are transferred from one material to another
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Law of Conservation of Matter
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energy cannot be created nor destroyed
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System
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an object or collection of objects being studied
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Surroundings
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includes everything outside the system that can exchange energy and/or matter with the system
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Exothermic
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energy transferred from the system to the surroundings
energy of the system decreases and the energy of surroundings increases
q<0
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Endothermic
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energy transferred from surroundings to the system
energy of the system increases and the energy of the surroundings decrease
q>0
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Specific Heat Capacity
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q = C x m x (delta T)
the energy transferred as heat that is required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by one kelvin
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Kinetic Energy
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KE = ½ m v2
mass= kg
V = meters per second
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Molar Heat Capacity
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Cn
refers to the energy required to raise the temperature of one mole of a substance by one degree and has units of (Joules/mole oC).
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Condensing
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Hcond = - Hvap
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Fusion
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solid to liquid
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Negative Fusion
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liquid to solid
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Vaporization
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liquid to gas
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Sublimation
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vaporization + fusion
solid to gas
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Coffee Cup Calorimeter
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qrxn = −(qsoln + qcal)
qsoln= Msoln Csoln T
qcal= CcalT
qrxn/ gram
Hdissolution= (joules x molar mass)/ 1000
heat is absorbed - endothermic
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Bomb Calorimeter
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heat is given off- exothermic
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First Law of Thermodynamics
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ΔU = q + w
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q>0
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system absorbs heat
When energy is added to the system as heat, the effect is to increase the internal energy of the system (ΔE > 0), and q must be a positive number.
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q<0
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system evolves heat
When the system loses energy as heat to the surroundings, the effect is to decrease its internal energy (ΔE < 0), and q must be a negative number.
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w > 0
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surroundings does work on system
When the surroundings does work on the system, the effect is to increase the internal energy of the system, and w must be a positive number.
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w < 0
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system does work on surroundings
When the system does work on the surroundings, the effect is to decrease its internal energy and w must be a negative number.
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Internal Energy
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Sum of all kinetic and potential energy of all particles in the system
Independent of motion as a whole
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Heat
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flow of thermal energy due to a difference in Temp
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Expansion
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delta V is greater than zero
work is less than zero
internal energy decreases
system does work of surroundings
w= -Pex delta V Pex= external pressure delta V= change in volume
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Compress
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delta V is greater than zero
work is greater than zero
internal energy increases
surroundings done on system
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n
|
principal quantum number
shell
size of orbital
average distance from nuclleus
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l
|
Azimuthal or Angular Momentum
subshell
0= spherical= s
1=dumbbell = p
2= cloverleaf= d
3= complex = f
total number of angular nodes
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ml
|
magnetic quantum number
orientation
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total number of nodes
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n-1
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Chem 111: ION List