PSYCH 350: EXAM 3
34 Cards in this Set
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Discrete Emotions Theory
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-emotions are innate
-each emotion is associated with a specific set of bodily and facial reactions
-emotions are discrete--even early in life
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Undifferentiated Emotions
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-early emotions are not distinct
-environment plays a role in changing primitive emotions into more complex forms
ex. wariness/fear starts as a started/pain reaction
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Self-Regulation
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complex process of controlling emotions in order to accomplish one's goals
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Development of Self-Regulation
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1. relying on others for self-regulation
2. use of cognitive strategies to control negative emotions
3. being able to select the right regulating strategy
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Delay of Gratification
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helps to predict future social, emotional, and academic competence
~marshmallow task
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Temperament
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constitutionally based individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation. Temperamental characteristics are seen to demonstrate consistency across situations, as well as relative stability over time
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Temperament Classification
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-easy (40%)
-difficult (10%)
-slow-to-warm-up (15%)
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Goodness of Fit
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adjustment depends on how one's temperament fits into their particular environment
parents' socialization practices can affect the child's temperament and vice-versa
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The Mirror Task
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method of testing for concept of self
babies younger than 18 months fail
babies 18 months and up realize that it is them they see in the mirror
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Securely Attached
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one category of attachment
-effectively uses mom as a secure base
-some distress when mom leaves
-happy to see mom return
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Insecure/Resistant
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one category of attachment
-child is clingy, less exploratory
-upset when mom leaves
-child reestablishes contact when mom returns, but resists her efforts at comfort
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Insecure/Avoidant
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one category of attachment
-child avoids mom before separation
-does not greet caregiver upon return
-child ignores stranger
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Disorganized/Disoriented
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one category of attachment
-child shows no consistent way of coping
-confused facial expressions
-appears to want to approach mom but simultaneously fears her
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Separation Anxeity
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-8-15 months
-distress from leaving (or being left by) primary caregiver
-amount of distress varies by context
-occurs cross-culturally
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Stranger Anxiety
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-6/7 months-2 years
-reflects strengthening attachment to parents
-increases over time until about 2, then fades
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Long-Term Consequences of Securely Attached Children
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~age 2-3: better problem solvers, more complex creative play, more positive and fewer negative emotions, more attractive as playmates
~age 11-15: better social skills, better peer relations, more likely to have more close friends
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Long Term Consequences of Insecurely Attached Children
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~age 2-3: socially and emotionally withdrawn, hesitant to initiate play behaviors with peers, less curious, less interested in learning
~age 11-15: poor peer relations, fewer close relationships, more displays of "deviant" behaviors, more psychopathological symptoms
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Gender Schema Theory
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children classify new objects and activities as "for boys" or "for girls" and tend to investigate objects and activities that are relative to their sex and to ignore those that are associated with the other sex
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Piaget's Theory of Moral Development
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children transfer from Moral Realism to Moral Relativism
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Moral Realism
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young children (~6 years) weighed the amount of damage (outcome) more heavily than intentions
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Moral Relativism
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(intentions matter) older children (~10 years) weighted intention
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Preconventional Stage
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1st stage of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
~6-10 years
~self-centered thinking
~just thinking about getting rewards and avoiding punishment
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Conventional Stage
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2nd stage of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
~14 years
~intentions & motives more salient
~centered on social relationships
~conform to norms of majority (do right so you are considered "good" etc.)
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Postconventional Stage
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3rd stage of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
~centered on ideals (life & liberty)
~recognizes relative, arbitrary nature of some rules
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Moral Dumbfounding
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stubborn and puzzled maintenance of a moral judgement without supporting reasons
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Social Learning Theory
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development relies on observation & imitation, rather than reinforcement
children can acquire new behaviors through observing others
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Reciprocal Determinism
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shows how behavior and environment interact and bounce back and forth off of each other
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Authoritarian Parenting
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relies on the use of forceful commands, physical punishment, and removal of material objects or privileges to influence behavior
power assertion
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Authoritative Parenting
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relies on the extensive use of reasoning and explanation, as well as the arousal of empathic feelings ot influence behavior
inductive disclipline
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Gender Identify
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-established ~30 months
-they become aware of their own gender, but don't think it's permanent
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Gender Stability
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-developed ~3-4 years
-gender is stable over time but can be biased by superficial appearance
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Gender Constancy
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-achieved ~4-7 years
-the realization that gender is invariant in spite of superficial changes in appearance or activities; able to start self-socialization
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Difficult Temperament
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don't react well
not predictable
don't keep to routines
easy to make upset
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Slow-to-Warm-Up Temperatment
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babies seem anxious, fearful
harder to soothe them at first
once you spend time with them they are more like easy babies
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PSYCH 350: Exam 1