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Study Guide: Final Exam
Ordinal scale- allows us to decide how many times greater/smaller? |
FALSE, Ratio (zero point) rule |
Chi-Squared test- Valid only if observations are dependent? |
FALSE |
Median is the most sensitive to outliers? |
FALSE |
“Stacked format” to enter data into SPSS, we type all scores on the dependent variable in a single column? |
TRUE |
Tim Russert- Reminds us of the problematic nature of medical knowledge? |
TRUE |
Sampling error or variability of the means of large samples is smaller than sampling error of means of small samples? |
TRUE |
Just-world hypothesis |
TRUE |
(TS) Clear evidence from controlled experiments that supports the effectiveness of the critical-incident stress debriefing in treating PTSD? |
FALSE |
Remarkable uniformity cross-culturally in ethical standards? |
FALSE |
Correlation coefficient- infer causal relationship? |
FALSE |
Inferential statistical tests- |
the operation of chance in influencing the results obtained can be conclusively ruled out as causal explanations. |
Study in Taiwan- the best predictor was the number of electrical appliances found in the home? |
TRUE |
Appropriate measure of central tendency depends on distribution shape and goal of statistical analysis. |
TRUE |
IQ test- ratio scale? |
FALSE |
Standard deviations are useful in skewed distribution? |
FALSE |
The Standard deciation is the square root of the variance? |
TRUE |
(SG) A case can be made that theoretical science has seen its best days? |
FALSE |
One of the strengths of the scrutiny of research ethics by institutional review boards is the “one-size-fits-all” approach |
FALSE |
(TS) Ultimate goal of scientific research- obtain “recipe knowledge” |
FALSE |
More precise measurement scale used to detect shifts in the DV, the smaller the effects of IV |
TRUE |
The alphabet satisfies both the nominal and ordinal rule |
TRUE |
Statistical analysis goal is to reject the null hypothesis |
TRUE |
Variance is determined by |
taking the difference between each given value and the average of all values given. |
Pearson product-moment correlation assumes linear relationship between the 2. |
TRUE |
Problems cause changes in the lower right corner to PST |
TRUE |
(TS) Over use base-rate information in making probability judgments |
FALSE |
Meta analysis- d is equal to or greater than .80 means there is a large effect of the DV |
TRUE |
Most frequently occurring score is the mean. |
FALSE |
Daniel Dennet- conscious, free will? |
FALSE |
Gergens theory- constructive position rests upon the assumption of |
cultural determinism |
(TS) Books not likely to find on bookshelf? |
Pinkers How the Mind Works |
Goldberg- pellagra caused by |
poor sanitary conditions |
10 point difference of 2 groups, p=.05, means the difference would |
occur by chance about 5 times out of 100. |
Experiment findings replicated increases the finding that it was not produced by a |
Type I Error |
Naturalistic observational study (parking lots)- type of statistical test used: |
2-way ANOVA |
Basic principle behind ANOVA |
variability can be partitioned into components from different sources. |
Effective size refers to the |
proportion of variance in DV explained by IV |
Null hypothesis for an F-Test |
Difference between means of all treatment groups are equal. |
Bank signs temperatures display. What level of measurement? |
Interval |
Amusement park- conforms to norms of littering. Type of statistical test appropriate? |
Chi- Squared |
15 points between the means not due to chance if the |
sample variances and overlap are relatively small |
P=.01 changes to P=.05. Type I error |
increases and type II error decreases. |
Rules of ethics reflects cultural values of society |
and is determined by federal government laws for the protection of human subjects. |
Causal connections between independent events |
Gamblers Fallacy |
F stat ratio of 2 |
variances |
Ethical concerns with field experiment (observers) |
Magnitude of statistical regression effects is NOT a concern. |
(SG)Important unanswered questions |
(Bennets mindless mini robot theory)- Testable |
One-way ANOVA |
1 IV with 3 or more levels |
Normal distribution |
distribution is symmetrical and bell shaped |
Factors considered when selecting a stat test? |
Level of measurement of IV is NOT one |
Belief in validity of projective tests |
Illusory correlation |
(TS) Resistance to scientific psychology |
Conflict of interest in the pseudoscience “industries.” |
F-test is IV has no effect |
F=1 |
Meta analysis |
evaluates consistency of an effect of past studies and provides effect sizes. |
Variance represents |
average standard deviation of scores from the mean. |
Significance level of experiment |
is equal to chance of Type I error. |
Normal distribution curve |
About 68% of its area lying between -1 and +1 standard deviations from the mean. |
(TS) Actuarial prediction is superior to clinical because it is |
more accurate and consistent. |
(SG) Role of chance in human outcomes |
Major factor |
Explanation for spurious correlation (SAT/bad teacher)- |
Selection Bias |
Panel of beer drinkers |
Ordinal |
Non significant results do not do |
possibility of type I error |
Ordinal rule- |
numbers have a reserved place in the number series. |
Milgrams (1963)- investigator believed that any potential damage was dandled by |
extensive debriefing procedure. |
Between subjects (room humidity) ANALYZE, COMPARE means. Type of test? |
Independent samples T-test |
P<.05, liver damage |
Type II Error |