BY 123: FINAL EXAM
50 Cards in this Set
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Domain Archaea
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environmentally "extreme" prokaryotes
Methanogens
Extreme Halophiles
Thermophiles
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Methanogens
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live below the mire (mud) in swamps
reduce carbon dioxide to methane (swamp gas)
poisoned by oxygen (obligate anaerobe)
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Extreme Halophiles
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live in very salty places (15-20% salinity; normal sea water is 3%)
color is due to the presence of a pigment called bacteriorhodopsin
have the simplest form of photophosphorylation
can be found in places such as Great Salt Lake or Dead Sea
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Thermophiles
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older name was thermoacidophile
live in areas with a pH of 2 & temps above 60 C
can be found in areas such as deep sea vents or hot sulfur springs
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Domain Bacteria
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(Eubacteria & Cyanobacteria)
Kingdom Proteobacteria
Kingdom Chlamydia
Kingdom Spirochetes
Kingdom Gram Positive Bacteria
Kingdom Cyanobacteria
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Kingdom Proteobacteria
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SubGroup Alpha Proteobacteria
SubGroup Beta Proteobacteria
SubGroup Gamma Proteobacteria
SubGroup Delta Proteobacteria
SubGroup Epsilon Proteobacteria
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Subgroup Alpha Proteobacteria
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many species are symbiotic with plants
bacteria converts atmospheric N2 into compounds which the plant can use for proteins, the plant shares products of photosynthesis
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Subgroup Beta Proteobacteria
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includes bacteria which are important in nitrogen recycling whereby NH4+ is oxidized into NO2-
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Subgroup Gamma Proteobacteria
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includes "sulfur" bacteria whcih oxidizes H2S producing sulfur as a waste
Legionella (causative agent of Legionnaire's disease, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae & Salmonella also belong here
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Subgroup Delta Proteobacteria
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includes slime-producing Myxobacteria
includes Bdellvibrios which attack other bacteria
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Subgroup Epsilon Proteobacteria
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includes many members which are pathogenic to humans & animals
Camphylobacter, a causative agent of blood poisoning & intestinal inflammation, belongs here
Helicobacter pylori, a causative agent of stomach ulcers, belong here
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Kingdom Clamydia
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survives only inside animal cells; depends on host cell for resources such as ATP
has odd cell wall which stains gram negative, but contains no peptidoglycan
Chlamydia trachomatis, the most common cause of blindness in the world & also causes nongonococcal urethritis (the most common, s…
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Kingdom Spirochetes
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uses flagella to spiral themselves through their environment
Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, belongs here
Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, belongs here
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Kingdom Gram Positive Bacteria
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Actinomycetes belongs here
2 species of actinomycetes cause tuberculosis & leprosy, respectively
actinomycetes are also responsible for the "earthy" odor of rich soil members of the genus, Streptomyces, have been the source of many antibiotics
Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of…
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Kingdom Cyanobacteria
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are photosynthetic, utilizing photosystems I & II contain chlorophyll a
their chlorophyll is not inside chloroplasts, but is found in the thylakoid membranes, which are scattered throughout the cytoplasm
these organisms are often arranged in filaments
some have heterocyst, specialized …
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Domain Eukarya
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SuperGroup Excavata
SuperGroup Chromalveolata
SuperGroup Rhizaria
SuperGroup Archaeplastida
SuperGroup Unikonta
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SuperGroup Excavata
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Kingdom Diplomonadida
Kingdom Parabasala
Kingdom Euglenozoa
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Kingdom Diplomonadida
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organisms lack plastides (group of membrane-bound organelles including leucoplasts, chloroplasts, & chromoplasts)
have modified mitochondria called mitosomes; these lack functional electron transport chains; cannot use oxygen to extract energy from carbohydrates
mitochondria lack DNA, e…
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Kingdom Parabasala
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mitochondria lack DNA, electron transport chains, or enzymes needed for the Kreb's cycle
mitochondria are reduced and referred to as hydrogenosomes; these generate some energy anaerobically and release hydrogen as a by-product
lacks plastids
includes Trichomonas vaginalis, a usual inha…
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Kingdom Euglenozoa
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have flagella containing either a spiral or crystalline rode of unknown function
consists of two groups, the euglenoids and the kinetoplastids
includes predatory heterotrophs, photoautotrophs, & parasites
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What Phylums are in the Kingdom Euglenozoa?
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Phylum Euglenophyta
Phylum Kinetoplastida
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Phylum Euglenophyta
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includes Euglena
Euglena is an autotroph, but some in this phylum are heterotrophic or even mixotrophic (can both photosynthesize and ingest)
photosynthetic pigments includes: carotenoids, chlorophylls a & b, & xanthophyll
no cell wall
has pellicle to maintain shape
divides by mitosi…
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Phylum Kinetoplastida
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has a single, large mitochondrion which is associated with a unique structure, kinetoplastid (houses extra-nuclear DNA)
momvement is via whip-like flagella
includes Trypanosoma the causative agent of African Sleeping Sickness (transmitted via the bite of the tsetse fly & disease is fata…
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SuperGroup Chromalveolata
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Kingdom Alveolata
Kingdom Stramenopila
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Kingdom Alveolata
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these organisms are grouped together due to the presence of small cavities (alveoli) under their cell surfaces (function of these cavities is uncertain); probable function is stabilization of the cell surface via water and ion balance
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What Phylums are in the Kingdom Alveolata?
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Phylum Dinoflagellata
Phylum Apicomplexa
Phylum Ciliophora
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Phylum Dinoflagellata
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members have 2 flagella, enabling them to spin through the water
are reinforced by cellulose plates
photosynthetic pigments include: carotenoids, xanthophyll, & chlorophylls a & c
carbohydrate storage = starch
has cellulose in cell wall
possess trichocysts (miniature harpoons)
over …
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Phylum Apicomplexa
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phylum takes it name from the apical complex of which it uses to penetrate the host's red blood cells
all members are endoparasitic (endo refers to within the organism as opposed to ecto which refers to a "hitchhiker" parasite that attaches on the outer surface of the organism)
are host…
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Phylum Ciliophora
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largest, most diverse & complex group of protozoans
members use cilia for locomotion
cilia can be over entire surface or concentrated in rows or tufts
cilia projects out through holes in the pellicle (outer covering)
includes Paramecium
have trichocysts (nail shaped structure that ca…
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Kingdom Stramenopila
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contains both autotrophs & heterotrophs
named for the fine, hair-like projections on the flagella
for those containing chloroplasts, they did not come from cyanobacteria, but probably from endosymbionts that were eukaryotic (most likely red algae)
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What Phylums are in the Kingdom Stramenopila?
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Phylum Chrysophyta (golden algae)
Phylum Bacillariophyta (diatoms)
Phylum Oomycota (water molds)
Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae)
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Phylum Chrysophyta
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commonly called the golden algae
photosynthetic pigments include: carotenoids, xanthophyll, & chlorophylls a & c
carbohydrate storage = laminarin
important component of plankton
some are mixotrophs
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Phylum Bacillariophyta
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commonly called the diatoms
unicellular
coloration is yellow or brown
has unique glass-like wall made of hydrated silica; wall made of two parts that fit together (like a shoe box with its lid)
found in oceans and lakes
most important component of plankton
most store food as laminar…
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Phylum Oomycota
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commonly called the water molds
heterotrophic
some are unicellular; others are branched with hyphae (like fungi)
cell wall comprised of cellulose (like plants) not like fungal cell walls which are comprised of chitin
diploid (unlike haploid dominant fungi)
flagellated (unlike fungi)
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Phylum Phaeophyta
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common name is the brown algae
photosynthetic pigments include carotenoids, xanthophyll, chlorophylls a & c (as seen in golden algae and diatoms)
multicellular
marine
carbohydrate storage = laminarin
common seaweeds
more prevalent in cooler waters
largest, most complex algal group
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SuperGroup Rhizaria
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Kingdom Cercozoa
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Kingdom Cercozoa
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have thread-like pseudopodia
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What Phylums are in the Kingdom Cercozoa?
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Phylum Actinopoda (heliozoans & radiolarians)
Phylum Foraminifera (forminiferans)
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Phylum Actinopoda
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movement is via axopodia (their pseudopodia); these structures help them float and feed
has silica in its internal skeleton (organisms take on a glassy appearance)
includes freshwater organisms (heliozoans) and marine organisms (radiolarians)
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Phylum Foraminifera
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named for their porous shells
found in both ocean & fresh water
most live in sand or can attach themselves to rocks or algae
some are abundant in plankton
even though single-celled, some forams can reach sizes of several centimeters
shell contains calcium carbonate
pseudopodia protr…
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SuperGroup Archaeplastida
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Kingdom Rhodophyta (red algae)
Kingdom Chlorophyta (green algae)
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Kingdom Rhodophyta
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common name is the red algae
are the most abundant, large algae in warm coastal waters of tropical oceans
do not have flagella at anytime in their life cycle (unlike other algae)
photosynthetic pigments include: carotenoids and chlorophylls a & d (d is unique to the reds)
accessory pi…
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Kingdom Chlorophyta
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known as the green algae
some people put these in the plant kingdom
closely related to plants; thought to have had same ancestor as plants
believed to have arisen from an endosymbiotic relationship betwixt a cyanobacteria and a flagellated, heterotrophic, eukaryotic cell
can be found …
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SuperGroup Unikonta
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Kingdom Amoebozoa
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Kingdom Amoebozoa
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includes gymnamoebas, entamoebas, & slime molds
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What Phylums are in the Kingdom Amoebozoa?
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Phylum Gymnamoeboa (Amoeba)
Phylum Entamoeba
Phylum Myxogastrida (plasmodial slime molds)
Phylum Dictyostelida (cellular slime molds)
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Phylum Gymnamoeboa
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comprises a large & diverse group of amoebozoans
ubiquitous in soil, fresh water & marine water
most are heterotrophic, actively seek & consume bacteria & other protists
some feed on detritus (non-living organic matter)
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Phylum Entamoeba
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includes an all-parasitic genus, Entamoeba; infects all classes of vertebrates and some invertebrates
includes E. histolytica, the causative agent of amoebic dysentery; spread via contaminated drinking water; 3rd leading cause of death from parasites after malaria & schistomiasis
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Phylum Myxogastrida
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commonly known as plasmodial slime molds
they progress from a large coenocytic (many nuclei per cell) mass called a plasmodium; a multinucleated mass with continuous cytoplasm, unbound by membranes or walls
usually diploid
usually brightly colored, either orange or yellow
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Phylum Dictyostelida
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commonly known as the cellular slime molds
looks similar to plasmodial slime mold, but is not coenocytic; cells are separated by individual membranes
has no flagellated stage
haploid
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BY 123: FINAL EXAM