Study Guide: Final Exam
93 Cards in this Set
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Mental Disorder
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No clear definition. Characterized by statistical rarity, subjective distress, impairment, societal disapproval, and biological dysfunction.
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Prevalence
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Percent of population with disorder.
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Categorical Model
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Mental disorder is either present or absent. No in between. Categories differ in type and not degree.
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Dimensional Model
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Mental categories differ in degree, not kind.
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Somatoform Disorders
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Physical symptoms with psychological origins.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Constant worrying, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability.
Affects 3% of population. More common in females and Caucasians.
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Panic Attack
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Brief, intense episodes of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light headedness, racing heart, and feeling of going crazy.
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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
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Emotional disturbance after experiencing severely stressful event
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
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Persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted/inappropriate and cause stress. Relieved by compulsions.
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Seasonal Affective Disorder
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Depression based on seasons.
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Bipolar Disorder
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Experience both depressive and manic episodes. Equally common in women and men.
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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Marked by lengthy history of illegal/irresponsible actions.
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Dissociative Disorders
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Conditions involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception. Characterized by depersonalization, dissociative amnesia, and dissociate fugue.
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Schizophrenia
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Severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with loss of contact with reality. Disturbances in attention, thinking, language, emotion, and relationships.
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Hallucinations
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Sensory perceptions without external stimuli.
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Delusions
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Strongly held beliefs with no basis in reality.
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Unconditional-Positive Regard
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Fully accepting client for who they are. They will feel more confident/comfortable and be more willing to share.
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Person-Centered Therapy
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Therapist doesn't try to diagnose patient. Let patient use session however they choose. Assume they will find emotional patterns through patient's dialogue.
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Empirically Supported Treatment
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Treatments for specific disorders supported by high quality scientific evidence.
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Prozac
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(Fluoxetine) SSRI antidepressant. Selectively inhibits reuptake of seratonin. Can also be used for eating disorders, OCD, and social phobia.
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Electroconvulsive Therapy
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Patient receives quick electrical pulses to brain that cause seizure. Last resort for severe problems.
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ADHD
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Inattentive, impulses, and hyperactivity.
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Free Association
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Patient lies down and says what comes to mind. Goal is that whatever subject keeps coming up indicates main cause of issue.
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Deinstitutionalization
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Government policy that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into community and closing mental hospitals.
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Resistance
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Client completely ignores therapist in order to avoid further confrontation.
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Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic
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Focuses on patient's early life issues. "Make the unconscious conscious".
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
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Focuses on changing irrational thoughts.
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Humanistic Therapy
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Emphasizes self-actualization.
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Behavioral Therapy
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Focuses on present and specific behaviors
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Flooding Therapy
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"Fears maintained by avoidance".
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What percentage of clients say they're better even before the first session?
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40-60%
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Personality Disorder
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Psychological disorder characterized by inflexible and maladaptive behavioral patterns.
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Psychopathology
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Mental illness. Failure to adapt to environment.
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Statistical Rarity
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Diagnoses of disorder is rare.
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Subjective Distress
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Most mental disorders cause emotional pain, but not all disorders cause distress. Ex. Manic episode of bipolar person.
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Impairment
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When disorder interferes with everyday functioning.
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Societal Disapproval
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Society uses names to label what they don't accept.
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Biological Dysfunction
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Disorder caused by biological issues more so than psychological issues.
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Medical Model
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Model that viewed the mentally ill as treatable. Main treatment was bloodletting. Housed them in overcrowded asylums. Idea was good but really no better than Demonic Model.
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Moral Treatment
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Advocated respectful treatment towards the mentally ill.
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Chorpromazine
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"Go to" medication for all illnesses during 1950s.
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Culture-Bound
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Culture determines what is considered mentally ill.
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Koro/Amok
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1) Belief that genitals are receding into the body.
2) Intense sadness followed by uncontrolled violence.
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DSM/Criticisms
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1) Contains criteria for mental disorders.
2) Reliance on Categorical Models rather than Dimensional.
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DSM-IV Axes
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I) Major mental disorders
II) Personality disorders and mental retardationIII) Associated medical conditionsIV) Life stressorsV) Overall level of daily functioning
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Insanity Defense Requirements
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1) Claim they don't know what they were doing at the time of crime.
2) Claim that they don't know what they did wrong.
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Involuntary Commitment
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Procedure used to protect us from certain mentally ill people because they're so impaired that they can't care for themselves.
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Agrophobia
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Severe fear of being in public places because they can't escape. Avoid social things.
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Social Phobia
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Don't like public places.Less severe compared to agrophobia.
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Catastrophic Thinking
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Blowing things out of proportion.
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Anxiety Sensitivity
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Fear of anxiety-related symptoms. Ex. Someone feels a little light headed and they assume they are going to pass out.
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Major Depressive Disorders
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Most common mood disorder. Prevalent in women.
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Cognitive Model
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Beliefs influence depression
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Learned Helplessness
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Feeling helpless in events you can't control. Even when given opportunities to change the situation you behave helplessly.
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Personality Disorder Clusters
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1) Cluster A: Odd/Eccentric people; antisocial
2) Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, erratic3) Cluster C: Anxious/Fearful
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Depersonalization
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Feeling detached from yourself.
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Dissociative Amnesia
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Forgetting key points of traumatic events or forgetting event all together.
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Dissociative Fugue
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Black out and forget who you are when experiencing traumatic event.
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Post Traumatic Model
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Person wants to avoid reminders of traumatic childhood event.
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Sociocognitive Model
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Person changes according to what they expect life to be like.
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Echolia
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Person repeats what you say.
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Catatonia
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Motor/Speech behavior issues. Blank face.
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Diathesis-Stress Models
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Proposes MI is result of genetics and stressors.
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Illusory Correlation
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Seeing connection between two things that really don't have any relationship. Ex. Parents noticed autistic symptoms after vaccinations so they assumed vaccine must be the cause.
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IDEA
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Law that says schools must treat autistic students with special attention.
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Psychotherapy
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Designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems and improve life quality.
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Paraprofessionals
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Get specific training that enhances education. Helps minimize gap of clinical psychiatrists so more people can afford therapy.
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Insight Therapy
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Goal is to expand awareness/insight.
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Psychoanalytical Approaches
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1) Free association
2) Interpretation3) Dream analysis4) Resistance5) Transference6) Working through
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Interpretation
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Explanations of unconscious bases of patients' dreams, emotions, and behaviors.
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Dream Analysis
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Meaning of dream. 2 parts: manifest (observable) and latent (unobservable)
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Transference
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Client sees therapist as someone from past and treats them as such.
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Neo-Freudian Tradition
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More concerned with conscious aspect. Believe culture and interpersonal influence behavior through life span. Emphasize need for power, love, status, etc.
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Interpersonal Therapy
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Short process. Goal is to strengthen social skills and coping skills.
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Humanistic Psychotherapy
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Emphasize development of human potential and that human nature is positive. Believe one should assume responsibility for decisions and not attribute them to the past.
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Gestalt Therapy
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Goal is to integrate aspects of personality that person is unconscious of with all other aspects. Empty chair example.
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Strategic Family Interventions
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Used to remove barriers to effective communication.
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Structural Family Therapy
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Therapist lives with family to identify problems.
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Behavior Therapist
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Focus on specific problem behaviors. Behavior change results from learning principles.
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Exposure Therapy
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Confronts client with what they fear.
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Systematic Desensitization
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Exposes clients to fear through imagined scenes. Uses reciprocal inhibition and counter conditioning.
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Reciprocal Inhibition
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We can't be anxious and relaxed at the same time.
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Counter Conditioning
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Repeatedly pairing relaxation response with anxiety.
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Participant Modeling
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Therapist must have calm encounter with client's feared situation. Guide client through steps of encounter until they can cope unassisted.
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Operant Procedures
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Behavior analysis to treat autistic children.
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Token Economics
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Client gets token for desirable behavior.
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
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Cognitions are measurable, play key role in psychological functioning, and can replace irrational beliefs.
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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
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Changing how we thing and act.
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ABCDE
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A) Unpleasant internal/external event
B) Belief system
C) Emotional/Behavioral consequences
D) Dispute the beliefs
E) Adopt more effective beliefs
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Cognitive Therapy
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Identifies/Modifies thoughts and beliefs.
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Dodo Bird Verdict
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All types of therapies are the same.
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Biomedical Treatments
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Alter brain's chemistry to treat disorders.
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Psychosurgery
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Brain surgery to treat disorder. Last resort.
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Study Guide: Final Exam