58 Cards in this Set
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Julio-Claudians
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Octavian Caesar- first emperor of Roman Empire
-fam succeeds him (J-Cs)
-Julio=Caesar
-Claudians= Octavian (wife)
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Pax Romana
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The Roman Peace, an age of public order and military stability. (200 years)
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Principate
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(princeps)
"first among many"
-religious title of "Augustus" (the honored one)
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Judaism in the Roman Empire
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-subject to pagan, polytheistic Romans
-Jews allowed to remain monotheistic, worship YHWH
-Jesus ("King of the Jews") executed bc it was believed he was rebelling against the Roman empire
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Paul and "The Way"
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-disciples to non-jews (Gentiles- all nations)
-writes letters to various assemblies, beginning of the New Testament- tells the store of Jesus' life
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Christianity in Rome
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-Led by bishops
-Christians would not participate in Roman public worship of Gods= antisocial rep
-martyr- Christianity is a capital offense; liable to death penalty (illegal for 200 years)
-this helped the Christian movement grow
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Year of 4 Emperors
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-Nero assassinated- 4 military commanders elevated as emperors by their own men, killed violently
-ends stably with Vespasian- Flavians (Quells the Jewish War- wants them to worship him as a God)
-Vespasian's sons succeed him (Titus/Domitian- Flavians)
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The Jewish War
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-Vespasian (rebellion over their monotheism)
-Rebellion in Roman Judea put down
-Destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem
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The Five Good Emperors
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-rulers cooperate with the Senate rather than absolute power
-policy of adoption- choose a good man, adopt as son, he will succeed
-empire reaches its greatest geographical spread (difficult to govern)
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Crisis of the 3rd Century
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-policy adoption over
-Germanic raids, porous boundaries
-Economic disaster (massive inflation)
-armies kill existing emperor to get their commander in power
-the "barracks emperors"- TWENTY roman emperors in this period. 17 are assassinated
-Diocletian ends this cycle
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Diocletian
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-restricts power of the army
-empire too big to govern, divides it up into 12 districts (dioceses)
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Dioceses
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-Rome divided into 12 districts
-divides the empire into two: EAST and WEST. Each has 2 emperors
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Tetrarchy
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"Rule of the four"
-augustii, caesars
-Augustus: Chief emperor
-Caesar: Chief's commander
--> If Augustus dies, Caesar takes over
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Constantine the Great
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-Augustus of the West
-During battle: Constantine claims the Christian God came to him in a dream and told him "in this sign you will conquer"- put the chi rho on his flags
-he won the battle; legalized Christianity (Edict of Milan)
-Constantine= first Christian Emperor
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Was Imperial Rome Immoral?
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-power hungry (Aggripina- manipulated Nero)
-traditionalists
-some were (Lucretia= perfect Roman woman)
-Christianity rose b/c of declining morals in Rome
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Popes (order and organization in Church)
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-Greek for pope= episkopos "overseer" (power over every other bishop in church)
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Monasticism
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-Greek word= monos, "alone"
-asceticism= askesis, "exercise, training"- train their bodies to help their souls
-began to gather in monasteries
-Benedictine Rule- how Monks should live together and conduct this
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Rome and the Barbarians
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-Visigoths sack Rome and found their kingdom in S. Gaul
- Vandals take over R. territory in N. Africa
-"Barbarizing" Rome and "Romanizing" Barbarians- blending of worlds
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Atila the Hun
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-tried to sack Rome
-confronted by Roman-Visigoth Army
-Pope Leo "the Great" asks Atila not to attack Rome, he does not
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Clovis (King of the Franks)
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-wife was Christian, kept baptizing her babies and then they die (Clovis ?d how strong her God is)
-converted to Christianity from paganism after he makes a deal with God to believe in him if God lets him win a battle
-he and 3,000 of his followers convert
-then defeated the Visigoths
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Byzantine Empire
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-Eastern Roman Empire
-Constantinople
-Nika Riot- riot raises up against Emperor Justinian
-city is destroyed, Hagia Sophia destroyed
-Justinian reconquests the west- ends up losing all territory that he won to the Lombards "long beards"
-conquered by Muslims
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Were the Early Middle Ages Especially Savage?
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-many conquests, to obtain land
-Gregory of Tours= Christian bishop, writes about the Frankish people's immorality (stealing, violence)
-violence is acceptable when you have been attacked/ if you are defending your religion (from Islam's Holy Book)
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Arabian religion before Islam
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Jinn
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Sunnis vs Shi'ites
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-2 major denominations of Islam
-majority= Sunni
-post Muhammad death
-Ali and his family killed by the ruling Umayyad (divided the community)
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Battle of Tours
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-V by the Franks over Muslim invaders
-prevented W. Europe from Muslim conquest and Islamization
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Jihad
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-"struggle"
-holy war
-to defend Islam, with force if necessary
-build a good Muslim society
-majority conversions in conquered terriroties
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Toleration of non Muslims
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dhimmis- non-Muslim citizens of an islamic state (allowed rights in return for jizya- tax)
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Maior domus
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Mayor of the Palace
-Pepin the Short
-wielded the real power to make decisions affecting the kingdom
-Kings= little more than figureheads (ceremonial duties
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Pippin of Heristal
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Mayor of the Palace
-conquest of Neustria and Burgundy
-increased the power of the Franks
-began the process of Christianization of Germany
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Charles Martel
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-Mayor of the Palace
-illegitimate son of Pippin
-halted the Islamic advance into W. Europe (Battle of Tours)
-prevented spread of Islam
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Chalemagne
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-Founded the Carolingian Empire
- "Father of Europe"
-spurred the Renaissance
-oldest son of Pepin the Short
-protected the papacy
-Christianized others upon penalty of death (led an incursion into Muslin Spain)
-removed Lombards from power in N Italy
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New Rome- Charlemagne
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Aachen- the focus of C's court/political center of his empire
-united rome, Christian
-Missus dominicus- appt by the ruler to supervise admin/justice in parts of the kingdom too far for personal visits
-execute justice, ensure respect for the king, control the admins
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Louis the Pious
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-Charlemagne's son
-Louis the Fair
-reign ended with 3 years of civil war
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Tready of Verdun
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-divided the Carolingian Empire into 3 kingdoms among the surviving sons of Louis the Pious
-ended the 3 year Civil War
-Charles the Bald= W. Francia
-Lothar= the Middle Kingdom
-Louis the German= E. Francia
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Alfred the Great
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-built up defenses against attack
-reorganized army
-establish a navy
-established a code of laws and a reformed coinage
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Heptarchy
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-7 independent kingdoms prior to Alfred the Great's defeat of the vikings
-can now be its own independent kingdom
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Battle of Edington
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Alfred defeats the Danes and it results in Treaty of Wedmore
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Danelaw
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land Alfred gave to the vikings; modern day England
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Magyars
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Turkic invaders- raid German areas; settle in modern Hungary
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Emperor Louis the Child
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portrayed as greatest secular leader in Europe, doesn't necessarily mean he's the wealthiest or most powerful but he has the title - became emperor at age 6, dies at 18, and is killed by the Magyars
-Last Carolingian King
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Medieval Monarchies
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-expansion of royal power over subjects, esp nobles
-territorial consolidation
-"feudal" gov't
-centralization- king stops moving around country, permanently in capital state
-expansion of record keeping (king needs to know what he rules)
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The Capetian Dynasty
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-Hugh Capet- chosen to be king by fellow nobles
-King= restricted power/territory
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Louis VI, the Fat
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-wages war against his nobles
-King as Protector of people
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Philip II, Augustus
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-expanded territory
-Battle of Bouvines (defeat of Germany/England-takes property of English king)
-more territory demands better admin
-collects taxes, administer justice
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Louis IX, St Louis
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-being king is a holy enterprise
-goes on crusades (holy wars against islam- not successful)
-administers justice in his realm (even to nobles)
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The Norman conquest
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-william, duke of normandy believes he should have English crown
-invades england, defeats king (defeats King Harold at Battle of Hastings)
-creates new dynasty (invader becomes king)
-advertises that he is a rightful king
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Domesday Book
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-King William
-census of everything in kingdom
-idea that everything in kingdom belongs to king
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Declaration of Arbroath
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-Scottish independence
-right to use military action when unjustly attacked
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Knights and Ladies
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-private warfare (lords, vassals, the feudum)
-chivalry
-the court (courtly love)
-vernacular romance
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Cluny
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-founded by William I
-Abbot of Cluny= subject only to pope
-stricter adherence to the benedict rule
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Eucharist
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"Good gift" (Greek); the Lord's Supper
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The "Great Schism"
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1) Eastern Orthodox Church- greek speakers
2) Catholic Church- latin speakers
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Dictatus papae
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statements of powers arrogated to the Pope
-papal monarchy and supremacy over secular rules and over the governance of the church
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Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV
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-excommunicated by pope gregory
-traveled to meet the pope at canossa
-did penance for 3 days- Pope absolved him
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The First Crusade
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a military expedition to recover Jerusalem and the Holy Lands from the Muslim Turks
-Alexius
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Saladin
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part of third crusades
recaptured jerusalem
help unite shiites and sunni
-first Sultan of Egypt/Syria
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Who was on top in the late middle ages?
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-the pope (declared the crusade)
-papal monarchy
-Dictatus papae
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4 horsemen
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-famine
-plague
-death
-war
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HIST 101: Exam 1