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PSY 20000:Chapter One
Cognitive Psychology |
the scientific study of mental processes |
10 mental processes |
1-Perception; 2-Attention; 3-Immediate Memory; 4- Identifying and Classifying Objects; 5- Long-term Memory; 6- Autobiographical Memory; 7- Memory Distortion; 8- Language; 9- Decision Making; 10- Problem Solving |
Cognitive Science |
interdisciplinary effort to understand the mind |
Laws of Association |
the activation of concept "x" automatically leads to the activation of others |
Psychophysics |
the study of the relationship between the physical properties of a stimulus and the properties taken on when the stimulus is filtered through subjective experience (ex. brighter vs doubling the luminescence) |
Unconscious Inference |
inference= conclusion arrived at through some type of evidence........
unconscious= not consciously.................................................................
(ex. clock being brought closer to our face- we dont assume its a giant clock, but simply closer) |
Introspection |
procedure that requires participants to provide a rigorous, unbiased report of every element of the conscious experience that accompanies the presentation of some stimulus |
Structuralism |
applying the method of introspection to everyday experiences in the hopes of yielding the elemental sensations, images, and feelings that combine to produce everyday consciousness |
Functionalism |
Figuring out the functions of the mind (as opposed to conscious snapshots); figure out the purpose or functions of "x" (ex. anger)
|
Behaviorism |
The study of observable responses and their relation to observable stimuli
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aka S-R Psychology (S-R= stimulus-response) |
Ebbinghaus |
Investigations of his own memory by learning non-sense words.
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Savings- relearning a list took less time, so it "saved" time
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Forgetting Curve- memory performance declines over time since studying |
Gestalt Approach |
The whole is different than the sum of the parts......................................
focused on the organizational principles that guide mental processing |
Information Processing Model |
uses the computer as a model for human cognition and is the modern view as of 2011 |
Connectionism |
uses the brain (rather than a computer) as a basis for modeling cognitive processes. It's a simpler theory. |
Cognitive Neuroscience |
relates cognitive processes to their neural substrates |
Neuron |
electrochemical information processors; the nerve cell or the basic unit (see page 25 for parts and picture) |
Acton Potential |
an electrical process where a signal travels down the dendrites to the cell body down the length of the axon; this is an all or nothing stimulation |
Double Dissociation |
Patients with different areas of brain damage (X and Y) |
Patients with different areas of brain damage (X and Y) |
uses electrodes put on scalp to pick up the electrical current being conducted through the skull by the activity of neurons underneath |
ERP (event-related potentials) |
the changes that occur at certain critical points when observing an EEG |
MEG (magnetoencephalography) |
electrical potential in the brain produces magnetic fields; detectors use this to determine which area was active in response to different stimuli |
TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) |
basically uses an electrical current coil to produce temporary and transient brain lesions |
PET scan |
uses radioactive substances ingested to trace brain activity; "hot" and "cold" colors to show more and less active brain areas |
fMRI |
reflects brain activity through changes in blood flow (like PET) but uses magnetic detectors that are sensitive to hemoglobin levels in the blood. |
Ecological Approach to Cognition |
focus on cognition as it occurs in everyday contexts |
Embodied Cognition |
says that thinking is dynamic and situated- it occurs in conjunction with action and within a broad context that guides and shapes it |
Evolutionary Perspective |
views cognitive processes as adaptations that have evolved because of their survival value |