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PSY 24000:Exam One
Social Psychology |
The scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people. |
Values in Psychology |
Accuracy
Objectivity
Skepticism
Open-mindedness |
Construal |
The way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world. |
Fundamental Attribution Error |
The tendency to explain our own and other people's behavior entirely in terms of personality traits, underestimating the power of social influences.
Overestimate Internal Factors, Underestimate External Factors |
Who is the father of modern social psychology? |
Kurt Lewin |
Behaviorism |
.... |
Informed Consent |
... |
Gestalt Theory |
... |
How does social psych differ from personality psych? |
Social psych takes the situation into account. Personality has no focus on consturals. |
Behaviorism |
Our behavior is just a response to environmental stimuli. |
Describe the Behaviorist Model. |
STIMULI -> THE ORGANISM -> RESPONSES |
T/F: Behaviorism takes construals into account. |
False. |
Gestalt Theory |
Study an object as a whole, not as a combination of the various elements.
Laid foundation for the study of phenomenology. |
Phenomenology |
How an object or event appears to the perceiver. |
What killed Behaviorism (hint: there are three main killers) |
WWII - Take in perspective of situation
Invention of the computer
Noam Chomsk |
Noam Chomsky's finding |
We cannot predict verbal behavior in terms of the stimuli in the speaker's environment, since we do not know what the current stimuli are until he responds. |
The Self-Esteem Approach (How do we justify past behavior)? |
We choose to believe the "I'm awesome" version of the story over the accurate one. |
Explain the frat hazing example |
Those who underwent a long, difficult initiation enjoyed their brotherhood more than those who had it easy.
Those who take the difficult road convince themselves that it was worth it. |
Social Cognition Approach |
How people think about the world |
Example of the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy |
May vary
You inaccurately think someon eis a jerk, so you are a jerk to them, then all the sudden they start to be a jerk back to you. Therefore, you are conviced he is a jerk even though it was your pre-concieved notion that caused him to act that way. |
Hindsight Bias |
Tendency for people to exaggerate how much they could have predicted an outcome after knowing that it occurred. |
Kitty Genovese Case |
38 people witnessed a brutal attack but nobody called 911. Why?
Diffusion of responsibility |
Theory |
ntegrated set of principles that explain social phenomenon, predict the future occurrence, and organize empirical data. |
Hypothesis |
Predict specific results in a testable way. |
Observational Method |
The technique whereby a researcher observes people and systematically records measurements or impressions of their behavior. |
Ethnography |
Observing from the inside, observing a group or culture in action. |
Interjudge Reliability |
Minimizing the difference between observers. Since observations can be subjective, you have to find a way to minimize subjectivity. |
What is the scientific model? |
Observation -> Theory -> Hypothesis -> Test |
Archival Analysis |
A form of the observational method in which the researcher examines accumulated documents. |
Correlational Method |
The technique whereby two or more variables are systematically measured and the relationship between them. |
When one goes up, the other goes up. |
Positive Correlation |
When one goes up, the other goes down. |
Negative Correlation |
A reverse bell curve |
Curvilinear |
The two variables appear unrelated. |
No relation |
Surveying |
Research in which a representative sample of people are asked questions about their attitudes or behavior |
Which correlation is stronger, .57 or -.62? |
.62 |
What are the three principles to establish causation? |
Cause and effect must co-vary.
Cause must precede effect in time.
Alternative explanations must be eliminated. |
Experimental Method |
Method in which the researcher randomly assigns participants to different conditions and ensures these conditions are identical except for the independent variable (the one thought to have a causal effect on people's responses). |
Which method allows causal inferences? |
Experimental |
Which method allows us to describe social behavior? |
Observational |
Which method helps us understand what aspects of social behavior are related? |
Correlational |
Independent Variable (IV) |
The variable that researchers vary to see if it has a causal effect. |
Dependent Variable (DV) |
The variable that researchers measure to see if it is affected. |
Internal Validity |
Making sure that nothing besides the independent variable can affect the dependent variable. |
How do you increase internal validity |
Controlling all extraneous variables
Randomly assignment |
Confounding Variable |
A variable that systematically varies with the IV the experimenter is interested in. |
Random Selection |
A process of ensuring that all participants have an equal chance of taking part in any condition of an experiment. |
External Validity |
The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people. |
What are the two types of generalizability? |
Generalizations across situations
Generalizations across people |
Mundane Realism |
The extent to which an experiment is similar to real-life situations. |
Psychological Realism |
Psychological Realism |
The ultimate test of an experiment's external validity is ___________. |
Replication |
Quasi-Experimental |
Disallows the use of random assignment. Maintains control validity as much as possible, but assignment to groups is based on other factors. |
Four parts of low-effort thinking |
Nonconscious
Unintentional
Effortless
Involuntary |
Schemas |
Mental structures peopel use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects. |
What do schemas do? |
They tell us how to behave in novel situations, around new people, .etc |
When applied to members of a social group, schemas are commonly referred to as _________. |
Stereotypes. |
Accessibility |
The extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people's minds and are therefore likely to be used when we are making judgments about the social world. |
Chronically Accessible |
Repeated over and over again in past experience. |
Goal Related Accessiblility |
Concept is temporarily more accessible because you have a goal to learn about it. |
Recent Experiences Accessibility |
You are exposed to a concept recently, therefore it is accessible. |
Priming |
The process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept. |
Priming is an example of ________ thinking. |
Automatic |
The "Bloomers" study was used as an example to prove the _______________ _____________. |
Self-fulfilling prophecy |
Judgmental Heuristics |
Mental Shortcuts people use to make judgements quickly and efficiently. |
Availability Heuristic |
Instances that come to mind more readily are perceived as more likely to occur. |
Representative Heuristic |
Mental shortcut where people classify something according to how similar it seems to a typical case. |
Confirmation Bias |
Tendency to search for or interpret new information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions and avoid information and interpretations which contradict these prior beliefs. |
Base Rate Information |
nformation about the frequency of members of different categories in the population.
We tend to ignore base rate info. |
Barnum Effect |
Tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterizations of themselves and take them to be accurate. |
Anchoring/Adjustment Heuristic |
A mental shortcut whereby people use a number or value as a starting point and then adjust insufficiently from this anchor |
Counterfactual Reasoning |
Mentally changing some aspect of the past in imagining what might have been. |
Mentally changing some aspect of the past in imagining what might have been. |
Dwelling on the negative. |