PSY 24000:Exam One
73 Cards in this Set
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Social Psychology
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The scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.
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Values in Psychology
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Accuracy
Objectivity
Skepticism
Open-mindedness
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Construal
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The way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world.
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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The tendency to explain our own and other people's behavior entirely in terms of personality traits, underestimating the power of social influences.
Overestimate Internal Factors, Underestimate External Factors
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Who is the father of modern social psychology?
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Kurt Lewin
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Behaviorism
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....
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Informed Consent
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...
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Gestalt Theory
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...
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How does social psych differ from personality psych?
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Social psych takes the situation into account. Personality has no focus on consturals.
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Behaviorism
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Our behavior is just a response to environmental stimuli.
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Describe the Behaviorist Model.
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STIMULI -> THE ORGANISM -> RESPONSES
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T/F: Behaviorism takes construals into account.
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False.
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Gestalt Theory
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Study an object as a whole, not as a combination of the various elements.
Laid foundation for the study of phenomenology.
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Phenomenology
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How an object or event appears to the perceiver.
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What killed Behaviorism (hint: there are three main killers)
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WWII - Take in perspective of situation
Invention of the computer
Noam Chomsk
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Noam Chomsky's finding
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We cannot predict verbal behavior in terms of the stimuli in the speaker's environment, since we do not know what the current stimuli are until he responds.
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The Self-Esteem Approach (How do we justify past behavior)?
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We choose to believe the "I'm awesome" version of the story over the accurate one.
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Explain the frat hazing example
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Those who underwent a long, difficult initiation enjoyed their brotherhood more than those who had it easy.
Those who take the difficult road convince themselves that it was worth it.
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Social Cognition Approach
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How people think about the world
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Example of the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
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May vary
You inaccurately think someon eis a jerk, so you are a jerk to them, then all the sudden they start to be a jerk back to you. Therefore, you are conviced he is a jerk even though it was your pre-concieved notion that caused him to act that way.
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Hindsight Bias
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Tendency for people to exaggerate how much they could have predicted an outcome after knowing that it occurred.
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Kitty Genovese Case
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38 people witnessed a brutal attack but nobody called 911. Why?
Diffusion of responsibility
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Theory
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ntegrated set of principles that explain social phenomenon, predict the future occurrence, and organize empirical data.
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Hypothesis
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Predict specific results in a testable way.
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Observational Method
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The technique whereby a researcher observes people and systematically records measurements or impressions of their behavior.
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Ethnography
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Observing from the inside, observing a group or culture in action.
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Interjudge Reliability
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Minimizing the difference between observers. Since observations can be subjective, you have to find a way to minimize subjectivity.
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What is the scientific model?
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Observation -> Theory -> Hypothesis -> Test
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Archival Analysis
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A form of the observational method in which the researcher examines accumulated documents.
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Correlational Method
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The technique whereby two or more variables are systematically measured and the relationship between them.
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When one goes up, the other goes up.
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Positive Correlation
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When one goes up, the other goes down.
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Negative Correlation
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A reverse bell curve
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Curvilinear
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The two variables appear unrelated.
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No relation
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Surveying
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Research in which a representative sample of people are asked questions about their attitudes or behavior
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Which correlation is stronger, .57 or -.62?
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.62
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What are the three principles to establish causation?
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Cause and effect must co-vary.
Cause must precede effect in time.
Alternative explanations must be eliminated.
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Experimental Method
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Method in which the researcher randomly assigns participants to different conditions and ensures these conditions are identical except for the independent variable (the one thought to have a causal effect on people's responses).
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Which method allows causal inferences?
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Experimental
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Which method allows us to describe social behavior?
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Observational
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Which method helps us understand what aspects of social behavior are related?
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Correlational
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Independent Variable (IV)
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The variable that researchers vary to see if it has a causal effect.
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Dependent Variable (DV)
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The variable that researchers measure to see if it is affected.
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Internal Validity
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Making sure that nothing besides the independent variable can affect the dependent variable.
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How do you increase internal validity
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Controlling all extraneous variables
Randomly assignment
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Confounding Variable
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A variable that systematically varies with the IV the experimenter is interested in.
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Random Selection
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A process of ensuring that all participants have an equal chance of taking part in any condition of an experiment.
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External Validity
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The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people.
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What are the two types of generalizability?
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Generalizations across situations
Generalizations across people
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Mundane Realism
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The extent to which an experiment is similar to real-life situations.
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Psychological Realism
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Psychological Realism
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The ultimate test of an experiment's external validity is ___________.
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Replication
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Quasi-Experimental
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Disallows the use of random assignment. Maintains control validity as much as possible, but assignment to groups is based on other factors.
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Four parts of low-effort thinking
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Nonconscious
Unintentional
Effortless
Involuntary
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Schemas
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Mental structures peopel use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects.
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What do schemas do?
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They tell us how to behave in novel situations, around new people, .etc
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When applied to members of a social group, schemas are commonly referred to as _________.
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Stereotypes.
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Accessibility
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The extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people's minds and are therefore likely to be used when we are making judgments about the social world.
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Chronically Accessible
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Repeated over and over again in past experience.
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Goal Related Accessiblility
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Concept is temporarily more accessible because you have a goal to learn about it.
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Recent Experiences Accessibility
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You are exposed to a concept recently, therefore it is accessible.
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Priming
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The process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept.
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Priming is an example of ________ thinking.
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Automatic
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The "Bloomers" study was used as an example to prove the _______________ _____________.
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
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Judgmental Heuristics
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Mental Shortcuts people use to make judgements quickly and efficiently.
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Availability Heuristic
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Instances that come to mind more readily are perceived as more likely to occur.
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Representative Heuristic
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Mental shortcut where people classify something according to how similar it seems to a typical case.
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Confirmation Bias
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Tendency to search for or interpret new information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions and avoid information and interpretations which contradict these prior beliefs.
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Base Rate Information
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nformation about the frequency of members of different categories in the population.
We tend to ignore base rate info.
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Barnum Effect
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Tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterizations of themselves and take them to be accurate.
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Anchoring/Adjustment Heuristic
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A mental shortcut whereby people use a number or value as a starting point and then adjust insufficiently from this anchor
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Counterfactual Reasoning
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Mentally changing some aspect of the past in imagining what might have been.
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Mentally changing some aspect of the past in imagining what might have been.
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Dwelling on the negative.
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PSY 24000:Exam One