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ANTH 120:Lab Exam
anterior
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front
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posterior
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back
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superior
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above
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inferior
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below
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medial
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toward the midline
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lateral
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away from midline
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proximal
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nearest body
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distal
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furthest from body
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axial skeleton
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cranial, ear, hyoid, vertebral column, sacrum, coccyx, ribs, and sternum
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flexion
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bend
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extension
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straighten
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abduction
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move away from the body
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adduction
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move toward the body
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upper limb bones
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scapula, clavicle, humerus, ulna, radius, hand bones
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lower limb bones
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os coxa, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, foot bones
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Thoracic Vertebrae
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characterized by rib facets on sides of vertebral body (centrum) where ribs articulate with vertebrae
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Cervical Vertebrae
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characterized by two holes at side known as transverse foramina. Includes: Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2)
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Lumbar Vertebrae
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don't have transverse foramina (a cervical trait) and don't have rib facets (a thoracic trait)
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upper limb bones
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scapula, clavicle, humerus, ulna, radius, hand bones
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scapula
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located on back of torso anchors more than 20 muscles, articulates with the clavicle in from of the torso and has a weak articulation with the humerus laterally
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acromion process (scapula)
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bends forward to articulate with the clavicle at front
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Glenoid Fossa (scapula)
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joint surface where humerus articulates
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Sternal end (clavicle)
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articulates with sternum at center of chest
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acromial end (clavicle)
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articulates with the acromion process on the scapula
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olecranon process
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hooks into the olecranon fossa on the back of the humerus
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radial notch
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joint surface for radial head articulation
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radial head
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disc-shaped for rotation at the radial notch on the ulna.
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hand bones
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carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
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os coxa
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each half of the pelvis is comprised of three bones that fuse together to form the single os coxa.
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Acetabulum
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hip joint where femur articulates
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femoral groove
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place where patella glides up and down femur
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foot bones
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tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
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Primate diagnostic traits
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1.) post-orbital bar
2.) forward facing eyes
3.) nose beneath eyes
4.) nails (not claws) with sensitive finger tips
5.) divergent hallux
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% of primates that are nocturnal
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23%
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% of primates that are diurnal
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77%
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insectivorous
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primates with an insect-based diet
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Folivorous
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primates with a foliage based diet
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Frugivorous
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primates with a fruit based diet
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omnivorous
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primates with a multi-based diet
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eye size for nocturnal animals
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large
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eye size of diurnal primates
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small
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Insectivory tooth shape
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narrow incisors. High pointed cusps on pre-molars and molars (puncture)
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Teeth shape in folivory
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narrow incisors, high crested cusps on pre-molar and molars (cut)
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teeth shape on frugivory
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broad, spatulate incisors, low rounded cusps on pre molars and molars (cut and pulp)
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Teeth shape on omnivory
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broad, spatulate incisors, anything goes on pre-molars and molars
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quadrupeds
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use four limbs equally in locomotion
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leapers
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use legs more than arms
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suspensory
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use arms more than legs
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bipeds
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walk on two legs
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knuckle-walkers
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gorillas and chimps, walk on all four but use knuckles instead of palms
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limb length (quadrupedal)
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equal arm and leg length
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limb length (leaping)
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legs longer than arms with extra long feet
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limb length (suspensory)
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arms longer than legs
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Limb length (knuckle-walking)
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rule breaking
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limb length (bipedal)
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legs longer than arms with extra short feet.
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quadrupedal features
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shoulder blades: sides of Torso, Back: long, tail,
chest:narrow,
Shoulder joints: front of torso,
Elbow: cant straighten,
wrist: inflexible,
Limb length: arms same as legs
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suspensory features
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chest: wide
back: short
shoulder blades: back of torso
shoulder joints: sides of torso
elbow: full extension
wrist: flexible
No Tail
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bipedal traits
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Pelvis: short and bowl-shaped
Tibia: platform plateau
Femur: medial angle
Foot: short, arched
Spinal column: sigmoid-shaped
limb length: legs > arms. both longer than torso
Hallux: short, robust, cannot grasp
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habituation
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the presence of a researcher can impact the behavior of wild animals until the are "habituated" to (are used to) the researchers presence
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qualitative data
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narrative descriptions are provocative and provide insights on individuals. however, they provide very limited data on group behavior as a whole
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quantitative
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if we want to understand group behaviors, we need quantitative data. this requires breaking behaviors down into variables that can be recorded and quantified for frequency
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long-term field studies
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provided insights on group dynamics over time, the effects of social survival
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Hominoid Miocene traits (25-5 mya)
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brain > face,
wide nasal base
y5 molars
suspensory upper body
no tail
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when and why did apes decline?
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17-14 mya, temps dropped and climate became drier. Apes began to retreat along with the forests
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1st confirmed humans? epoch? traits?
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Pliocene epoch
mix of cranio-dental traits (mostly apelike)
ALL bipedal
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australopithecus dental
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broad, spatulate incisors, intermediate canines, medium sized cheek teeth
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paranthropus dental
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small incisors, small canines, huge cheek teeth
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Bipedal trait from 4.2 mya
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tibia with platform plateau
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bipedal trait from 3.7 mya
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pelvis: short and bowl shaped
Tibia: platform plateau
Femur: medial angle
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bipedal evidence from 3.6 mya
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laetoli, east africa footprints
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Australopithecus
fossils
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anamensis: 4.2-3.0 mya E. Africa
afarensis: 3.7-3.0 mya E. Africa (Lucy)
Africanus: 3.0-2.0 mya S. Africa (taung child)
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Paranthropus
fossils
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Aethiopicus: 2.5-2.3 mya E. Africa (black skull)
Boisei: 2.3-1.3 mya, E. Africa (zinj)
Robustus: 2.0-1.5 mya S. Africa
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H. Habilis
(time/geographic range)
brain size
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2.0 mya
East and South Africa
680 cc
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H. Erectus
time/geographic range
brain size
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1.9 mya
Africa, E. Europe, Asia
870 cc
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H. heidelbergensis
time/geographic range
brain size
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1 mya
Africa, Europe, Asia
1200 cc
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H. neanderthalensis
time/geographic range
brain size
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300-27 kya
Europe, W. Asia
1450 cc
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H. sapiens
time/geographic range
brain size
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200 kya-now
Africa, World wide
1350 cc
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association w/ oldowan tools (2.5 mya)
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homo habilis
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association w/ acheulean tools (1.65 mya)
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Homo erectus
Homo heidelbergensis
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association w/ mousterian tools (300 kya)
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H. neanderthalensis
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association w/
blade tools(200kya)
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homo sapiens
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nariokotome
turkana youth
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discovered in 1984
east africa
1.6mya
complete cranium, jaw, teeth, and 70% of the skeleton
male
11-12 years old
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