91 Cards in this Set
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4 types of marine resources
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1. physical resources
2. Marine energy resources
3. Biological resources
4. Nonextractive resources
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physical resources
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-petroleum/natural gas
-methane hydrate
-sand and gravel
-deep-sea mining
-salts
-freshwater
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What are the ocean's most valuable physical resources?
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Petroleum and natural gas
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disadvantages of drilling for physical resources offshore vs on land?
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-expensive
-special equipment needed
-transport systems needed
-dangerous
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physical resources second in value to oil and natural gas
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marine gravel & sand
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what are the deep sea mining physical resources?
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-copper
-gold
-lead
-zinc
-rare earth elements
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Where are salts gathered offshore?
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Evaporation basins
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Potable water
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-water suitable for drinking
-Only 0.017% of Earth’s water is liquid, fresh, and available at the surface for easy use by people
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Marine Energy resources
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Result from the extraction of energy directly from the heat or motion of the ocean water, including
1. wind
2. waves
3. Currents
4. tides
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Windpower
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-Fastest growing alternative to oil as an energy source
-Unlike oil and natural gas, wind cannot be used up
-Extraction of wind power near the ocean is especially effective because winds tend to be more steady (less gusty) as they move over water (less stress on blades and gears of wind…
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Marine Biological Resources
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-living animals (e.g. fish, crustaceans, molluscs)
-plants (e.g. kelps) collected for human use.
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Maximum sustainable yield
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The maximum amount of any species that can be harvested without affecting future yields
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Overfishing
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A status assigned to fish stocks that have been harvested so there is not enough breeding stock left for replenishment
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Are most of today's fisheries sustainable?
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no
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Bycatch
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-Animals unintentionally killed when other species are being harvested
-Sometimes greatly exceeds target catch
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Nonextractive marine resources
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1. transport of people and cargo
2. recreation
3. waste disposal.
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Another way to distinguish marine resources
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renewable (Naturally replaced by the growth of marine organism or by natural physical processes)
and
nonrenewable (Such as oil, gas, and solid minerals deposits are present in the ocean at fixed amounts and cannot be replenished over time spans as short as human lifetimes)
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outgassing
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volcanic venting of substances including water vapor
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desalination
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removing the salt from salt water
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the human population has grown by ___% during the 20th century
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400%
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we have used more natural resources since 1955 than in all recorded human history, t or f
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TRUE
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About three quarters of the pollution entering the ocean comes from ___?
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human activities on land
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the sea is formed from
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stars
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Big Bang Theory
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the theory that states the universe began with a tremendous explosion 13.7 billion years ago.
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Condensation Theory
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-current theory of the origin of the solar system
-began with a vast swirling volume of cold gases and dust. due to gravitational attraction, the matter contracted into a flattened rotating disk and eventually condensed into the objects we observe today
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Accretion
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An increase in the mass of a body by accumulation or clumping of smaller particles.
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what is a galaxy?
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a huge rotating aggregation of stars, gas, and other debris held together by gravity
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scientific hypotheses are never revised, true or false
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FALSE
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the primary physical property that sorts the earth, ocean and atmosphere
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density stratification
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Edwin Hubble
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-Changed our understanding of the universe
-Confirmed the existence of other galaxies
-Showed that the universe is expanding ”Hubble’s Law of Expansion”
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Solar nebula
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-a large diffused cloud of gas and dust
-formed the solar system by contracting, heating, flattening and spinning faster
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protostar
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hot, condensed object at the center of a nebula that will become a new star when nuclear fusion reactions begin.
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Steep T gradient in Solar System
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-inner planets rocky (terrestrial plantets)
-outer planets gaseous (gas giant planets)
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supernova
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an exploding star that casts off matter;
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How did water and water vapor form on Earth?
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Sun stripped away Earths first atmosphere and gases replaced the first atmosphere eventually clouds cooled enough for water to form and fall until Earths surface was cool enough for water to collect in basins.
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The role icy comets play in the presence of water on Earth
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they collided with the earth which supplied a small portion of the water in the ocean's today
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Core of Earth is made of what?
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iron and nickel (very dense)
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how are stars formed and what do they do?
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they form in the dusty spiral arms of galaxies and spend their lives changing hydrogen and helium to heavier elements.
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Earth's Mantle
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silicon and oxygen with some iron andm magnesium
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difference between oceanic and continental crust
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oceanic crust is thinner and more dense
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what is the oceanic crust made of?
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basalt (heavy)
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What is the continental crust made of?
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granite (lighter)
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How did Marine Science begin?
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with voyaging for trade and exploration
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What were the first expeditions to to apply the principles of scientific investigation to the ocean?
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The three expeditions of Captain James Cook, British Royal Navy
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Ancient Mediterranean Cultures
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-Polynesian explorers
-Chinese explorers
-Renaissance European explorers
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Library of Alexandria
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beginning of systematic study of the ocean
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Eratosthenes of Cyrene
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-chief librarian at Alexandria
-first to calculate the circumference of the world
-introduced the system of latitude and longitude
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What was the first extensive expedition dedicated exclusively to research?
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The voyage of H.M.S. Challenger
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latitude
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-north or south of the equator
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Longitude
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Distance measured E and W of the Prime Meridian
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cartographers
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-people who make maps
-hired by prince henry to find an easier way to reach Asia
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echo sounder
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device that reflects sound waves to determine the depth of the seafloor
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who made 2 dozen visits to the lands of the east 500 years before Columbus?
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Norwegian vikings
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Native Americans arrived to America how many years ago?
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~11,000
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Chinese Explorers
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Treasure Boats- central rudder, H@) tight comparments, sails on multiple masts.
Could stay at sea for 4 months
Distilled H2O
Grew vegetables on board
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Magellan Expedition (1519-1522)
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-the first voyage around the world
-18/260 sailors survived after 3 yrs of dangerous travel (magellan died)
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______ voyaging technology filtered into the West and made subsequent discoveries possible
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Chinese
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3 europeans who explored the world by sea during the renaissance?
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1. Henry the Navigator
2. Columbus
3. Magellan
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First scientific oceanographers
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-James Cook
-Matthew Maury: "father of physical oceanography"
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James Cook's voyage was called?
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HMS Endeavour
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United States Exploring Expedition
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-a naval and scientific expedition. Under the leadership of Lt. Charles Wilkes
-The expedition returned with many scientific specimens and artifacts, which formed the nucleus of the collections of the newly established Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C.
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What did Matthew Maury discover?
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worldwide patterns of wind and ocean currents
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Fridtjof Nansen and the “Fram”
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-Nansen proved that there is no Arctic continent
-Added to understanding of ice drift, meteorological, and oceanic conditions of the Arctic Ocean
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Meteor Expedition
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-1925: 2 year expedition in the South Atlantic
-Introduced modern optical and electronic equipment (Echo sounder)
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what was the first scientific expedition to use an echo sounder?
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meteor expedition
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Glomar Challenger (1968)
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-Drilled into ocean floor at 6,000 m of water
-Provided evidence for plate tectonic
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Three of the most prominent oceanographic institutions in the United States
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1. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
2. Scripps Institution of Oceanography
3. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University
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okeanos
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Greek work for Ocean
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Who showed that the arctic ocean is not a landmass?
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Nansen
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____ are very important in oceanography?
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Satellites
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_____ adventurers were the first to perfect methods of sustained, long-distance, open-ocean travel.
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Polynesian
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The first systematic voyages of oceanic exploration were undertaken by....
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the Chinese in the fifteenth century
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Who found that pieces of the earth's surface fit together like a puzzle?
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Alfred Wegener
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Pangaea
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all continents together
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Continental Drift Hypothesis
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the hypothesis a super continent, Pangaea, existed then later fragmented into separate continents that drifted apart, moving slowly to their present positions; they once fit together like a puzzle.
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About what percent of the sea floor has been explored?
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1%
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Why is the Earth's magnetic field important?
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it protects the earth from incoming solar radiation, solar storms, etc
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Seismic waves
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generated by the forces that cause large earthquakes
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The theory of plate tectonics explains: (3 things)
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1. the non-random distribution of earthquake locations
2. the curious jigsaw-puzzle fit of the continents
3. the patterns of magnetism in surface rocks.
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How was the moon formed?
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A planetary body somewhat larger than Mars smashed into the Earth ~4.4 billion years ago
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2 theories of how the ocean formed
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1. outgassing
2. icy comets
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Plate tectonics theory
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Earth’s surface is not a static arrangement of continents and ocean but a dynamic mosaic of jostling lithospheric plates.
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asthenosphere
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lower mantle
just below lithosphere
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p waves
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-primary body waves
-can pass through liquids, gases, and solids
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s waves
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-secondary
-are shear wave perpendicular to the direction of the wave travel
-do not travel through liquids and gases (don’t have shapes)
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lithosphere
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-earths cool, rigid outer layer
-comprised of continental crust, oceanic crust and uppermost cool and rigid portion of the mantle
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Asthenosphere
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is the hot, partially melted, slowly flowing layer of the upper mantle below the lithosphere
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convection
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Movement within a fluid resulting from differential heating and cooling of the fluid., Convection produces mass transport
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the largest of the earths layers
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mantle
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isostatic equilibrium
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-what causes large regions of Earth’s continents to be held above sea level
-the balance between the weight of the land and the buoyancy provided by the underlying mantle
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What evidence supports the idea that Earth has layers?
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The behavior of se is mic waves generated by earthquakes
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NR 150:Exam one