BIOL 100: Exam 3
50 Cards in this Set
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evolution
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change of allele frequencies in population. Genetic change through time
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darwin's observances
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species located near each other often resembled each other, but sometimes had pronounced differences. Differences suited environment
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theory of evolution by natural selection
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populations change over time and this change happens by natural selection
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adaption
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inherited trait that enhances organism's ability to survive/reproduce in particular environment
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artificial selection
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plants/animals with preferable traits are encouraged to reproduce. traits are passed on through natural selection
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microevolution
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change at the genetic level. change in the gene pool over time
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macroevolution
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change at the species level
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population
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group of individuals of the same species, living in the same space at the same time
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gene pool
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all the alleles of all the genes in a population
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mutation
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change in DNA . Only source of new alleles, is ultimate source of variation. mutation must be present in gametes if it is to contribute to next generation. must also affect chances of survival or reproduction
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natural selection
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not all genotypes are the same. some allow for individuals to better survive and reproduce. these genotypes are then passed along to next generation
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genetic drift
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change in gene pool due to chance events, such as disasters
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genetic drift- bottleneck
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severe reduction in population
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genetic drift- founder effect
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few individuals from population branch out and start new one
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gene flow
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change in gene pool due to immigration or emmegration of individuals in and out of population
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species
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one or more populations of individuals that can interbreed under natural conditions to produce fertile offspring
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geographic isolation
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little or no gene flow between populations
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genetic divergence
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two isolated populations will evolve independently through genetic drift and natural selection (microevolution)
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reproductive isolation
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genetic divergence that can result in reproductive barriers. leads to macroevolution
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carolus linnaeus
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laid foundation for bionomial system
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order of species, most general to specific
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kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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evolutionary trees
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timeline of which ancestors of one species separated from ancestors of another. each branch represents line of descent, branch point is time of divergence
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3 domain types
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eubacteria, archeabacteria, eukariotes
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Stanley miller
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performed experiment in which he combined methane, hydrogen, water, and ammonia, and created amino acids
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first cells
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originated 3.8 billion years ago, were prokaryotic and anaerobic, relied on fermentation to survive as there was no oxygen
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prokaryotes
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lack nucleus and many organelles, unicellular. Most bacteria and archaea
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eukaryotes
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fungi, protists, plants, and animals. unicellular or multicellular. contain nucleus and many organelles
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theory of endosymbiosis
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mitochondrea and chloraplests are descendants of free living prokaryotic organisms. prokaryotes were engulfed by early eukaryotes and became organelles
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protists
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eukaryotic, mostly unicellular, motile, structurally complex. found where 'wet' (plankton). extremely diverse
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euglenoids
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autotrophic or parasitic, one or more flagella, asexual reproduction. orients towards light
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giardia
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'backpacker's diarriah' infects 200 million people each year
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trypanosoma
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african sleeping sickness. toxic metabolic waste, common in areas such as uganda
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amoeboids
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free living, move by pseudopodia. are anarobic and can carry a variety of diseases
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slime molds
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amoeboid. not really mold, just slime. are heterotrophic. amoeboids form 'super cell' with multiple nuclei. important decomposers in wet environment
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plant
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multicellular eukaryote, creates food by using photosynthesis
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chloraphyll
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absorbs blue violent and red light, green and yellow light pass through or are reflected. located in chloraplests
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thylakoid membrane
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contains pigments and performs photosynthesis
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biogeography
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study and interpritation of distribution patterns of living organisms around the world
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directional selection
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selection that, for given trait, increases fitness at one extreme and reduces it in another
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biodiversity
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variety and variability among all genes, species, and ecosystems
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microsphere
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membrane enclosed, small spherical unit containing self replicating molecule and carrying info but no genetic material
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rna world hypothesis
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hypothesis that the world may have been full of rna before it became filled with life based on dna
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allopatric speculation
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speculation that occurs as a result of a geographic barrier between groups of individuals that results in reproductive isolation
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biological species concept
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concept that defines species in terms of the possibilities of inbreeding
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domain
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highest level of class. contains archaea bacteria and eukaria
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hybredization
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inbreeding of closely related species
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hybrids
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offspring of individuals of two different species
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kingdoms
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6 kingdoms bacteria, archaea, protists, plants, animals, and fungi
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morphological species concept
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concept that defines species on physical features such as body shape and size
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polyploidy
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doubling of sets of chromosomes in an individual
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BIOL 100: Exam 3