BIOL 200: Chapter 11
42 Cards in this Set
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Physiology
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study of how an organism functions
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metabolism
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totality of chemical & physical processes occurring in cell
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nutrition
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process by which chemical substances (nutrients) are acquired from environment and used in cellular activities
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essential nutrients
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must be provided to an organism
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macronutrients
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required in large quantities, play principal role in cell structure and metabolism
proteins
CHO's
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micronutrients/trace elements
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required in small amounts, involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure
manganese
zinc
nickel
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organic nutrients
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contain C & H atoms and are usually the products of living things
CHO's
lipids
prots
NA's
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Inorganic nutrients
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atoms/molecule containing a combo of atoms other than C & H
metals & their salts - magnesium sulfate, ferric nitrate, sodium phosphate
gases - oxygen, carbon dioxide
water
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2 major metabolic requirements
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Carbon = building new organic compounds
Energy = electrons used for powering chemical reactions
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Heterotroph Carbon source
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obtains C in an organic form made by other living organisms
prots
CHO's
lipids
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Autotroph carbon source
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an organism that uses inorganic C sources
CO2
not nutritionally dependent on other living things
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Energy (electron) source - Phototrophs
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gain E through photosynthesis
Oxygenic photosynthesis
anoxygenic photosynthesis
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Energy (electron) source - chemotroph
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gain E from chemical compounds
chemoautotrophs (lithoautotrophs)
chemoheterotrophs
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chemoautotrophs (lithoautotrophs)
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microbes that can survive completely on inorganic compounds
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chemoheterotrophs
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microbes that can't survive completely on inorganic compounds
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microbial heterotrophs
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saprobes
parasites
Making big small!
walled cell = barrier
enzymes transported outside wall
enzymes hydrolyze bonds on nutrients
smaller molecules transported across wall/cell memb. into cytoplasm
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saprobes
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free-living microorganisms that feed on organic detritus from dead organisms
opportunistic pathogen
facultative parasite
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parasites
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derive nutrients from host
pathogens
some are obligate parasites
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chemical analysis of cell contents
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mostly water
a lot of proteins
mucho CHNOPS
trace elements
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growth factor
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organic compounds such as an AA, nitrogenous base, or vitamin that can't be synthesized by an organism and must be provided as a nutrient
many cells can't synthesize all 20 AA's so they must obtain them from food (essential AA's)
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cell membrane function
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provides barrier b/n inside and outside of cell
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Membrane composition
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phosopholipid bilayer
glycoproteins
channels
cytoskeleton
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glycoproteins
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membrane proteins w/ CHO's attached
cell recognition
receptors
adhesion
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channels
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proteins that form pores (holes) in the membrane
control what moves in and out
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cytoskeleton
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underlying actin filaments
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selectively permeable
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some molecules pass through the cell membrane easily, while others can't
non-polar = YES
polar/ionic molecules = NO (need help)
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molecular motion
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molecules have KE
constantly in motion
heating = increases
cooling = decreases
unless it's 0K = -460 F
Constant collisions w/ other molecules = random & spread out
High conc. to low conc
lead to reduced E states
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membrane transport
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Passive transport: no E - w/ conc. grad
diffusion
osmosis
faciliated diffusion
Active transport: needs E - against conc. grad
primary active transport
secondary active transport
bulk transport
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Diffusion
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molecules move along conc. grad./spreading out
No E
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osmosis
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diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
membranes allow free diffusion of water
channels that freely allow water to enter/exit
block other molecules
water moves to high solute concentration
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hypertonic
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solution has more solutes than cytoplasm
salt water = lots of solutes
ex: halobacteria in Great Salt Lake - absorb salt to make cells isotonic w/ environment
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hypotonic
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solution has less solutes than cytoplasm
pure water = no solutes, bursts cell
ex: bacteria cell wall protects them from bursting
ex: protists - a water (or contractile) vacuole that moves excess water out of the cell
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isotonic
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solution has = # of solutes as cytoplasm
saline solution = not dangerous
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Facilitated diffusion
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passive transport
carrier proteins
specialized channels that allow molecules to follow their conc. grad.
exhibit specificity - bind and transport single types of molecules
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active transport
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many molecules that are in low concentrations outside, high on inside
food sources/nutrients
need to be transported against conc. grad.
need E
need protein transporters = permeases
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primary active transport - carrier mediated transport
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uses ATP as E source
solute binding
phosphorylation = ATP to ADP & P (P attaches)
transport = protein changes shape
protein reversion = P detaches
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primary active transport - group transolcation
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molecule actively transported & modified
transport & synthesis
ex: bacteria while transporting sugars (glucose, fructose)
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secondary active transport
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E provided by conc. grad. of other molecule
antiporter
symporter
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antiporter
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countertransport
2 substances in opposite directions
ex: Na-Ca exchanger
Na w/ conc. grad, Ca against
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symporter
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cotransport
2 substances in same direction
Na w/ conc grad, glucose against
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Endocytosis
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eating/drinking by cell
bringing substances into cell through vesicle or phagosome
phagocytosis = ingests substances or cells
pinocytosis = ingests liquids
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Exocytosis
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transport of molecules out of the cell
vesicle joins w/ membrane and secretes shit out
vesicle
joining of vesicle w/ plasma membrane
secretion of cellular product
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BIOL 200: Chapter 11