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Final Study Guide
CO3 |
Carbonate |
HCO3 |
Bicarbonate |
OH- |
Hydroxide |
NO3 |
Nitrate |
NO2 |
Nitrite |
CrO4 |
Chromate |
CrO7 |
Dichromate |
NH4 |
Ammonium |
ClO |
Hypochlorite |
ClO2 |
Chlorite |
ClO3 |
Chlorate |
ClO4 |
Perchlorate |
SO4 |
Sulfate |
SO3 |
Sulfite |
HSO3 |
Bisulfite (Hydrogen Sulfate) |
HSO4 |
Bisulfate (Hydrogen Sulfate) |
HSO3 |
Sulfurous Acid |
Carbonate |
CO32- |
Hydrogen Carbonate |
HCO3- |
Hydroxide |
OH- |
Nitrate |
NO3- |
Nitrite |
NO2- |
Chromate |
CrO42- |
Dichromate |
Cr2O72- |
Ammonium |
NH4 |
Hypochlorite |
ClO- |
Chlorite |
ClO2- |
Chlorate |
ClO3- |
Perchlorate |
ClO4- |
Sulfate |
SO42- |
Sulfite |
SO32- |
Hydrogen Sulfate |
HSO4- |
Hydrogen Sulfite |
HSO3- |
Borate |
BO33- |
Silicate |
SiO32- |
Phosphate |
PO43- |
Aresenate |
AsO43- |
Selenate |
SeO42- |
Bromate |
BrO3- |
Tellurate |
TeO42- |
Iodate |
IO3- |
Atom |
Submicroscopic particles
Fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter |
Molecules |
Two or more atoms attached together via bonds
ex. H--O--H ; H--H
|
Hemoglobin |
oxygen carrying molecule in red blood cells |
Chemistry |
The science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules |
Law of Conservation of Mass |
In a chemical reaction matter is neither created nor destroyed |
Matter |
Anything that has mass and occupies space |
States of Matter |
Solid(fixed volume rigid shape)
-Crystalline(arranged in patters(3D) ex. diamond)
-Amorphous(no regular pattern ex. charcoal)
Liquid(fixed volume but no fixed shape)
Gas(compressible; always assume shape and volume of their container) |
Pure Substance |
Composed of only one type of atom or molecule
Element: cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances (ex. Au)
Compound: substance composed of two or more elements in fixed, definite proportions (ex. H--H) |
Mixture |
Composed of two or more different types of atoms or molecules .
Homogeneous: Uniform composition b/c the atoms or molecules that compose them mix uniformly(Ex. Sweet Tea)
Heterogeneous: form distinct regions b/c their atoms or molecules separate(Wet sand) |
Physical Property |
One that a substance displays without changing its composition. (Ex. Water boiling) |
Chemical Property |
One that a substance displays only by changing its composition via chemical change. (Ex. Iron atoms--Iron oxide(rust)) |
Intensive Properties |
Independent of the amount of the substance
(Ex. The density of Al doesn't change according to the amount of the substance) |
Extensive Properties |
Dependent on the amount of the substance
(Ex. Mass) |
Law of Definite Proportions |
All samples of a given compound,regardless of their source or how they were prepared, have the same proportions of their constituent elements. |
Law of Multiple Proportions |
When two elements (call them A & B) form two different compounds, the masses of elements B that combine with 1 g of element A can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers. |
Anions |
Negatively charged ions |
Cations |
Positively charged ions |
Metals |
Found on lower left an middle of Periodic table
-good conductors of heat & electricity
-malleability
-ductility
-shiny
-tend to lose electrons when they undergo chemical changes |
Non Metals |
Found on upper right side of Periodic table
-some are solids at room temp. others liquids/gasses
-poor conductors of heat and electricity
-tend to gain electrons when they undergo chemical changes |
Metalloids (semiconductors) |
Show mixed properties; lie across the zig zag line
-intermediate and highly temperature dependent electrical conductivity |
Main-group Elements |
Tend to be largely predictable based on their position on the periodic table |
Transition elements/metals |
Tend to be less predictable based simply on their position in the periodic table. |
Noble Gases |
Are most un-reactive |
Alkali Metals |
Re all reactive metals |
Alkaline earth metals |
Fairly reactive |
Halogens |
Very reactive non metals |
Mole (Avagadros Number) |
6.0221421 *10^23 particles |
Ionic Bond |
-Metals have a tendency to lose electrons and nonmetals have a tendency to gain them.
**oppositely charged ions are attracted to one another by electrostatic forces |
Covalent Bond |
-Nonmetal bonds with another nonmetal, neither atom transfers its electron to the other.
**Instead some electrons are SHARED between the two bonding atoms |