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CH 101: EXAM 3
network covalent solids
|
C,Si,Ge
ZnS,SiO2
|
Heat
|
q
|
work
|
w |
△Esys
|
q+w
|
enthalpy
|
△H
|
endothermic
|
△H +
|
exothermic
|
△H -
|
form bond
|
exothermic
|
break bond
|
endothermic
|
bond dissociation energy
|
D
|
△H =
|
∑D(broken bonds) - ∑D(formed bonds)
|
entropy
|
△S
|
free energy
|
△G
|
△G =
|
△H - t△S
|
△G -
|
spontaneous
|
△G +
|
non-spontaneous
|
△G0
|
at standard state
|
△G0 -
|
spontaneous forward
mostly products at equilibrium
extensive
|
△G0 +
|
non-spontaneous forward
spontaneous reverse
mostly reactants at equilibrium
not extensive
|
k |
rate constant
|
K
|
equilibrium constant
[products]coeff/[reactants]coeff
|
K>1
|
mostly products
extensive
△G0-
|
K<1
|
mostly reactants
not extensive
△G0+
|
molarity
|
M
moles of solute/liters of solvent
|
△Hsolution =
|
△Hsolute + △Hsolvent + △Hmixing
|
△G -
|
dissolving is spontaneous
|
△G +
|
dissolving is not spontaneous
insoluble
|
△G0-
|
maximum solubility > 1M
more solid will dissolve
|
△G0 +
|
maximum solubility < 1M
no more solid will dissolve
|
alkane
|
all C-C
|
alkene
|
some C=C
|
alkyne
|
some C-C triple bonds
|
C
|
4 shared pairs
0 lone pairs
|
N
|
3 shared pairs
1 lone pair
|
O |
2 shared pairs
2 lone pairs
|
halogens
|
1 shared pair
3 lone pairs
|
C-H bonds
|
hydrophobic
|
O-H bonds
|
hydrophilic
|
N-H bons
|
hydrophilic
|
hydrocarbons
|
hydrophobic
|
sugars
|
hydrophilic
|
fats
|
hydrophobic
|
acetone
|
hydrophilic/hydrophobic
|
alcohols
|
hydrophilic/hydrophobic
|