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network covalent solids
C,Si,Ge ZnS,SiO2
Heat
q
work
w
△Esys
q+w
enthalpy
△H
endothermic
△H +
exothermic
△H -
form bond
exothermic
break bond
endothermic
bond dissociation energy
D
△H =
∑D(broken bonds) - ∑D(formed bonds)
entropy
△S
free energy
△G
△G =
△H - t△S
△G -
spontaneous
△G +
non-spontaneous
△G0
at standard state
△G0 -
spontaneous forward mostly products at equilibrium extensive
△G0 +
non-spontaneous forward spontaneous reverse mostly reactants at equilibrium not extensive
k
rate constant
K
equilibrium constant [products]coeff/[reactants]coeff
K>1
mostly products extensive △G0-
K<1
mostly reactants not extensive △G0+
molarity
M moles of solute/liters of solvent
△Hsolution =
△Hsolute + △Hsolvent + △Hmixing
△G -
dissolving is spontaneous
△G +
dissolving is not spontaneous insoluble
△G0-
maximum solubility > 1M more solid will dissolve
△G0 +
maximum solubility < 1M no more solid will dissolve
alkane
all C-C
alkene
some C=C
alkyne
some C-C triple bonds
C
4 shared pairs 0 lone pairs
N
3 shared pairs 1 lone pair
O
2 shared pairs 2 lone pairs
halogens
1 shared pair 3 lone pairs
C-H bonds
hydrophobic
O-H bonds
hydrophilic
N-H bons
hydrophilic
hydrocarbons
hydrophobic
sugars
hydrophilic
fats
hydrophobic
acetone
hydrophilic/hydrophobic
alcohols
hydrophilic/hydrophobic

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