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IPHY 2420: EXAM 4
Epigenetics |
Turning genes on & off from enzyme activity
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Epigenome
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Proteins and other molecules that regulate expression of genes (turning it on or off)
Inherited or altered
Regulated by histones and methyl groups
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How bioactive food components affects gene expression
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Gene expression activated or silenced
protein synthesis increases or decreases
change in cell and tissue functioning
disease prevention or progression
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How it effects future generations
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embryonic development
modifies your epigenome
health implications (bioactive constituents in whole foods)
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Dutch Hunger War
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311 pregnant women during the time.
Altered the genes of all babies (IGF2 gene)
Babies born during that time were more prone to obesity and heart disease
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Test question: Dutch Hunger War:
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Altered IGF2 gene and babies born in this time were more prone to obesity and heart disease
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From movie:
Japanese paradox
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Lower incidence of cancer than other countries because they drank green tea.
The green tea turned on a gene that fights cancer
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From movie:
Issue with BPA in plastics
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BPA in plastic, when heated up, can cause hormone producing effects. Can cause genes to turn on that were supposed to be OFF.
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Significance behind the 1968 Hunger in America video
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First time America talked about hunger
Americans don't like to talk about it because we're the "land of plenty" and wealthiest country
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Hunger in America
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5x higher than in 1960
57% increase since 1990s
1:6 Americans hungry vs. 1:20 Europeans (fuck europeans)
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Who are hungry in America?
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Working poor (don't make enough to cover bills)
unemployed/under-employed
elderly
homeless
children
undocumented workers
migrant farm workers
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Who are hungry in American (updated)
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Married, clothed, housed
a bit overweight
working people because wages have stagnated for cost of living
2/3 of families hungry have at least 1 FT working adult
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Food insecurity
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Any household where in the previous year they didn't have enough to eat.
Occurs when availability of food or ability to get food in socially acceptable ways (dumpster diving/stealing) are limited
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Pattern of malnutrition (5 total)
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1. worry about how to get food
2. stretch resources (more money to expenses instead of food)
3. quality & variety of diet decrease
4. adults eat less
5. children eat less (parents always feed children before themselves)
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Private sources of food/food distribution
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soup kitchens
religious organizations (give you a meal and a bus ticket to get to the next church)
food pantries (donated food)
home delivery of meals (meals on wheels)
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3 step burden
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Poverty, hunger, and malnutrition
limits access to medical care
discourages education & personal advancement
change in time scale (focused one day at a time)
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The poverty-obesity paradox
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overconsumption of calories
food quality
crop subsidies
overeating when available
physiological changes (thrifty gene)
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Effects of hunger
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malnutrition- iron/zinc/protein/antioxidants
veggies only available when SNAP $ available/ 1st of the month
stress from unexpected bills
ADHD or Hunger? inability to focus in school
hoarding or stealing
eating quickly when food is available
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Solutions to hunger problem
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aquaponics
community food gardens
food co-ops
sponsorship boxes
big store grocery delivery
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Epideminology
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how we study diseases
higher rates of women than men
all races vulnerable
rapid rise exceeds genetics
childhood obesity rates concerning
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Modifiable Risk Factors (dietary)
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increased caloric intake from beverages
shift to more saturated and processed fats
decreased intake of fiber
portion sizes
simple sugars- translate to fat
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Modifiable risk factors (physiological)
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stress
forfeiting lactation - lose protection against obesity for mother and infant.
kids that were breast fed have lower body fat
stressors in fetal environment that increase obesity risk (gestational diabetes/epigenetics)
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modifiable risk factors (lifestyle)
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Exposure to chemicals that act as endocrine disruptors (estrogen)
BPA - effects you now if exposed as a child
Amount of processed foods eaten
Indoor living (less physical activity, sunlight exposure, altered circadian rhythm)
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Obesity-exacerbating conditions
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Amount of time sitting (correlation with cardiovascular disease)
Asthma
Depression/emotional eating
Eating disorders
Sleep disturbance (sleep apnea or restless leg syndrome)
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More obesity-exacerbating conditions
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Type 2 diabetes (eating to regulate, so extra calories)
Peripheral edema (swollen ankles prevents physical activity)
Muscle atrophy (more muscle loss = not burning as many calories)
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Other issues with obesity
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Sex hormone imbalances (obesigenic fertility medications - medicine to be more fertile, but makes you fat. Ironic b/c being fat makes it harder to be fertile)
Pregnancy/menstration
Obesity exacerbates hormone imbalance
Subclinical hypothyroidism (1/3 of Americans low in iodine. Diet foods low in salt)
Time of year born (winter birth prone to more fat)
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Gut microbiota
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A family of gut bacteria that help keep people thin.
Number = genetics
H.pylori - causes ulcers but has ghrelin, hormone that decreases appetite.
Without H.pylori, no signal to stop eating
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Transfer of gut biota
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2/3 of people are on antibiotics.
When we transfer gut biota from thin to fat people, they lose weight
When we transfer gut biota from fat to thin people, they gain weight
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What can you do to lose weight?
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More fiber & water
Less saturated fat
Lean proteins
Reducing calories
Increase physical activity
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3 types of Bariatric surgery
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1. Gastric banding - put band on and stomach becomes smaller. Tricks stomach that you're full.
2. Gastric sleeve - Permanently cutting TO 1/10 of stomach. Holds 1/10 of what it could before.
3. Gastric bypass - (most extreme) Connects top of stomach to small intestine. Food passes directly to small intestine. Need supplements (deficiencies)
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Providing protein for an expanding human population
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Increasing demand. By 2050, need to feed 2 billion more people
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Aquaculture
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Fish farming.
More farmed fish than beef produced
14x increase since 1980
35% projected increase in next 20 years.
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Commercially farmed fish
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Global catch of wild = stagnant
Need more protein but not from wild fish
Concerns about feedlot industry in ocean
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The Blue Revolution
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90% of farmed fish are from Asia. U.S. exports 90% of its seafood.
2% inspected, found numerous banned substances.
Densities (antibiotics & pesticides) and intensification overwhelmed the system.
Feeding the fish to grow quickly vs. omega 3s. Want fish to be fed with other fish for omega 3s, but many feed with cornmeal which creates omega 6 (inflammation)
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Other types of fish farming
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Atlantic salmon industry-densely packed pens in oceans
Norway, Scotland, Chile, Patagonia
Parasites, pollution, disease
Open water vs. tank vs. land
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Why Fish?
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fish need fewer calories to create 1 lb of protein than any other species. Efficient conversions.
less calories because:
fish=cold blooded
buoyant environment
1lb of food = 1lb of fish
7lb of food = 1 lb of beef
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Aquaponics
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Use nitrogen as link between aquatic & terrestrial systems.
Symbiotic interaction - problem is scale. Not enough fish to feed the world =\
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Insects as food
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1900 total edible insects in the world.
2 billion people eat them daily.
Insects convert protein more than any other!!
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Enthomophagy
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to eat insects as food.
A new United Nations report wants more people to eat insects
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The case for eating fucking insects
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Rising cost of animal protein
Environmental pressures
Efficient conversion of energy (20x better than fish)
Population growth
Increased demand for protein in middle class
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Pros of eating insects
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Less water/water pollution
No methane use (some shit about cows or something)
Land use
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Cons of eating insects
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Cleanliness
Spoilage
Pesticides/insecticides
Toxicity
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Case studies in insect nutrition
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Mealworms: protein, mineral and vitamin content similar to fish
Grasshoppers: as much protein as beef but less fat
Beetles: more protein than other insects, NA ate them like popcorn over coals
Butterflies/moths: pupal stages, full of protein and iron so eaten by children and pregnant women
Ants: 100g= 14g protein (more than eggs), 48g of calcium, + iron
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Other protein sources
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soybeans
quinoa
beans/lentils
seitan (wheat meat)
tofu/tempeh
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Pros and cons of Cow milk
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Pros - good source of protein, vitamin A, calcium, most variety in vitamin/minerals
Cons - fat content
Nutrients from cow may be more bioavailable than other non-dairy alternatives.
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Pros and cons of soy milk
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Pros - low cholesterol. Good source of vitamins (A, D, B12, folate, riboflavin) and minerals (Mg, P, K, Ca)
Cons - common allergen. Possible hormonal effects from phytoestrogens. Often contains GMOs.
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Pros and cons of almond milk
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Pros - low calories, fat, and cholesterol. Good source of fiber, vitamins (A, D, E) and minerals (Ca, Mg, Mn)
Cons - high in sodium, low in protein, common allergen.
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Pros and cons of rice milk
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Pros - low in saturated fat and cholesterol. Only when fortified is it a good source of vitamins (folate, vitamin D, B12) and minerals (Ca, P)
Cons - very low protein and fat. Essentially all carbs.
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Pros and cons of hemp milk
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Pros - low in sodium, cholesterol, saturated fat. Good source of vitamins (A, D, E, B12, riboflavin) and minerals (Ca, Mg, P)
Cons - lower quality protein
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Test question: Which two milks contain an allergen?
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A: almond and soy
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Soylent |
Has all vitamins, minerals, and omega-3 oil.
No antibiotics
No bioactive food components (doesn't effect epigenetics)
No variety, pleasure, lose social aspect of eating.
Fart a lot
Faster gastric emptying (lower satiety)
No fiber variety (can impact gut biota)
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Problems with soylent
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Jaw & teeth function (muscle atrophy and decay)
Gut mobility & heath (GI tract not used b/c no variety)
Less satiety (possible weight gain)
Missing out on social aspect of food
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Benefits of soylent
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Convenience
Cost-effective ($9/day)
Sustainable - mostly recyclable materials
Potential use for disaster relief
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Ambronite
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The same as soylent but "the Boulder version"
Organic, whole food products. Healthier, but more expensive
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Meal Squares
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5 bars at 400 calories each. Emphasis in whole foods and some vitamins and minerals.
100% of DRI of vitamins & minerals at $15/day
Gluten free
99% lactose free
lacto-ovo vegetarian friendly, but no vegan
Allergens (eggs, milk, tree nut from coconut oil)
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Problems with Meal Squares
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Lack of variety and antioxidants (limited sources of fruits & veggies)
No good source of omega 3
Not FDA approved
We don't know the glycemic index
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