IPHY 2420: EXAM 4
56 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
Epigenetics
|
Turning genes on & off from enzyme activity
|
|
Epigenome
|
Proteins and other molecules that regulate expression of genes (turning it on or off)
Inherited or altered
Regulated by histones and methyl groups
|
|
How bioactive food components affects gene expression
|
Gene expression activated or silenced
protein synthesis increases or decreases
change in cell and tissue functioning
disease prevention or progression
|
|
How it effects future generations
|
embryonic development
modifies your epigenome
health implications (bioactive constituents in whole foods)
|
|
Dutch Hunger War
|
311 pregnant women during the time.
Altered the genes of all babies (IGF2 gene)
Babies born during that time were more prone to obesity and heart disease
|
|
Test question: Dutch Hunger War:
|
Altered IGF2 gene and babies born in this time were more prone to obesity and heart disease
|
|
From movie:
Japanese paradox
|
Lower incidence of cancer than other countries because they drank green tea.
The green tea turned on a gene that fights cancer
|
|
From movie:
Issue with BPA in plastics
|
BPA in plastic, when heated up, can cause hormone producing effects. Can cause genes to turn on that were supposed to be OFF.
|
|
Significance behind the 1968 Hunger in America video
|
First time America talked about hunger
Americans don't like to talk about it because we're the "land of plenty" and wealthiest country
|
|
Hunger in America
|
5x higher than in 1960
57% increase since 1990s
1:6 Americans hungry vs. 1:20 Europeans (fuck europeans)
|
|
Who are hungry in America?
|
Working poor (don't make enough to cover bills)
unemployed/under-employed
elderly
homeless
children
undocumented workers
migrant farm workers
|
|
Who are hungry in American (updated)
|
Married, clothed, housed
a bit overweight
working people because wages have stagnated for cost of living
2/3 of families hungry have at least 1 FT working adult
|
|
Food insecurity
|
Any household where in the previous year they didn't have enough to eat.
Occurs when availability of food or ability to get food in socially acceptable ways (dumpster diving/stealing) are limited
|
|
Pattern of malnutrition (5 total)
|
1. worry about how to get food
2. stretch resources (more money to expenses instead of food)
3. quality & variety of diet decrease
4. adults eat less
5. children eat less (parents always feed children before themselves)
|
|
Private sources of food/food distribution
|
soup kitchens
religious organizations (give you a meal and a bus ticket to get to the next church)
food pantries (donated food)
home delivery of meals (meals on wheels)
|
|
3 step burden
|
Poverty, hunger, and malnutrition
limits access to medical care
discourages education & personal advancement
change in time scale (focused one day at a time)
|
|
The poverty-obesity paradox
|
overconsumption of calories
food quality
crop subsidies
overeating when available
physiological changes (thrifty gene)
|
|
Effects of hunger
|
malnutrition- iron/zinc/protein/antioxidants
veggies only available when SNAP $ available/ 1st of the month
stress from unexpected bills
ADHD or Hunger? inability to focus in school
hoarding or stealing
eating quickly when food is available
|
|
Solutions to hunger problem
|
aquaponics
community food gardens
food co-ops
sponsorship boxes
big store grocery delivery
|
|
Epideminology
|
how we study diseases
higher rates of women than men
all races vulnerable
rapid rise exceeds genetics
childhood obesity rates concerning
|
|
Modifiable Risk Factors (dietary)
|
increased caloric intake from beverages
shift to more saturated and processed fats
decreased intake of fiber
portion sizes
simple sugars- translate to fat
|
|
Modifiable risk factors (physiological)
|
stress
forfeiting lactation - lose protection against obesity for mother and infant.
kids that were breast fed have lower body fat
stressors in fetal environment that increase obesity risk (gestational diabetes/epigenetics)
|
|
modifiable risk factors (lifestyle)
|
Exposure to chemicals that act as endocrine disruptors (estrogen)
BPA - effects you now if exposed as a child
Amount of processed foods eaten
Indoor living (less physical activity, sunlight exposure, altered circadian rhythm)
|
|
Obesity-exacerbating conditions
|
Amount of time sitting (correlation with cardiovascular disease)
Asthma
Depression/emotional eating
Eating disorders
Sleep disturbance (sleep apnea or restless leg syndrome)
|
|
More obesity-exacerbating conditions
|
Type 2 diabetes (eating to regulate, so extra calories)
Peripheral edema (swollen ankles prevents physical activity)
Muscle atrophy (more muscle loss = not burning as many calories)
|
|
Other issues with obesity
|
Sex hormone imbalances (obesigenic fertility medications - medicine to be more fertile, but makes you fat. Ironic b/c being fat makes it harder to be fertile)
Pregnancy/menstration
Obesity exacerbates hormone imbalance
Subclinical hypothyroidism (1/3 of Americans low in iodine. Diet fo…
|
|
Gut microbiota
|
A family of gut bacteria that help keep people thin.
Number = genetics
H.pylori - causes ulcers but has ghrelin, hormone that decreases appetite.
Without H.pylori, no signal to stop eating
|
|
Transfer of gut biota
|
2/3 of people are on antibiotics.
When we transfer gut biota from thin to fat people, they lose weight
When we transfer gut biota from fat to thin people, they gain weight
|
|
What can you do to lose weight?
|
More fiber & water
Less saturated fat
Lean proteins
Reducing calories
Increase physical activity
|
|
3 types of Bariatric surgery
|
1. Gastric banding - put band on and stomach becomes smaller. Tricks stomach that you're full.
2. Gastric sleeve - Permanently cutting TO 1/10 of stomach. Holds 1/10 of what it could before.
3. Gastric bypass - (most extreme) Connects top of stomach to small intestine. Food passes direc…
|
|
Providing protein for an expanding human population
|
Increasing demand. By 2050, need to feed 2 billion more people
|
|
Aquaculture
|
Fish farming.
More farmed fish than beef produced
14x increase since 1980
35% projected increase in next 20 years.
|
|
Commercially farmed fish
|
Global catch of wild = stagnant
Need more protein but not from wild fish
Concerns about feedlot industry in ocean
|
|
The Blue Revolution
|
90% of farmed fish are from Asia. U.S. exports 90% of its seafood.
2% inspected, found numerous banned substances.
Densities (antibiotics & pesticides) and intensification overwhelmed the system.
Feeding the fish to grow quickly vs. omega 3s. Want fish to be fed with other fish for o…
|
|
Other types of fish farming
|
Atlantic salmon industry-densely packed pens in oceans
Norway, Scotland, Chile, Patagonia
Parasites, pollution, disease
Open water vs. tank vs. land
|
|
Why Fish?
|
fish need fewer calories to create 1 lb of protein than any other species. Efficient conversions.
less calories because:
fish=cold blooded
buoyant environment
1lb of food = 1lb of fish
7lb of food = 1 lb of beef
|
|
Aquaponics
|
Use nitrogen as link between aquatic & terrestrial systems.
Symbiotic interaction - problem is scale. Not enough fish to feed the world =\
|
|
Insects as food
|
1900 total edible insects in the world.
2 billion people eat them daily.
Insects convert protein more than any other!!
|
|
Enthomophagy
|
to eat insects as food.
A new United Nations report wants more people to eat insects
|
|
The case for eating fucking insects
|
Rising cost of animal protein
Environmental pressures
Efficient conversion of energy (20x better than fish)
Population growth
Increased demand for protein in middle class
|
|
Pros of eating insects
|
Less water/water pollution
No methane use (some shit about cows or something)
Land use
|
|
Cons of eating insects
|
Cleanliness
Spoilage
Pesticides/insecticides
Toxicity
|
|
Case studies in insect nutrition
|
Mealworms: protein, mineral and vitamin content similar to fish
Grasshoppers: as much protein as beef but less fat
Beetles: more protein than other insects, NA ate them like popcorn over coals
Butterflies/moths: pupal stages, full of protein and iron so eaten by children and pregnant w…
|
|
Other protein sources
|
soybeans
quinoa
beans/lentils
seitan (wheat meat)
tofu/tempeh
|
|
Pros and cons of Cow milk
|
Pros - good source of protein, vitamin A, calcium, most variety in vitamin/minerals
Cons - fat content
Nutrients from cow may be more bioavailable than other non-dairy alternatives.
|
|
Pros and cons of soy milk
|
Pros - low cholesterol. Good source of vitamins (A, D, B12, folate, riboflavin) and minerals (Mg, P, K, Ca)
Cons - common allergen. Possible hormonal effects from phytoestrogens. Often contains GMOs.
|
|
Pros and cons of almond milk
|
Pros - low calories, fat, and cholesterol. Good source of fiber, vitamins (A, D, E) and minerals (Ca, Mg, Mn)
Cons - high in sodium, low in protein, common allergen.
|
|
Pros and cons of rice milk
|
Pros - low in saturated fat and cholesterol. Only when fortified is it a good source of vitamins (folate, vitamin D, B12) and minerals (Ca, P)
Cons - very low protein and fat. Essentially all carbs.
|
|
Pros and cons of hemp milk
|
Pros - low in sodium, cholesterol, saturated fat. Good source of vitamins (A, D, E, B12, riboflavin) and minerals (Ca, Mg, P)
Cons - lower quality protein
|
|
Test question: Which two milks contain an allergen?
|
A: almond and soy
|
|
Soylent
|
Has all vitamins, minerals, and omega-3 oil.
No antibiotics
No bioactive food components (doesn't effect epigenetics)
No variety, pleasure, lose social aspect of eating.
Fart a lot
Faster gastric emptying (lower satiety)
No fiber variety (can impact gut biota)
|
|
Problems with soylent
|
Jaw & teeth function (muscle atrophy and decay)
Gut mobility & heath (GI tract not used b/c no variety)
Less satiety (possible weight gain)
Missing out on social aspect of food
|
|
Benefits of soylent
|
Convenience
Cost-effective ($9/day)
Sustainable - mostly recyclable materials
Potential use for disaster relief
|
|
Ambronite
|
The same as soylent but "the Boulder version"
Organic, whole food products. Healthier, but more expensive
|
|
Meal Squares
|
5 bars at 400 calories each. Emphasis in whole foods and some vitamins and minerals.
100% of DRI of vitamins & minerals at $15/day
Gluten free
99% lactose free
lacto-ovo vegetarian friendly, but no vegan
Allergens (eggs, milk, tree nut from coconut oil)
|
|
Problems with Meal Squares
|
Lack of variety and antioxidants (limited sources of fruits & veggies)
No good source of omega 3
Not FDA approved
We don't know the glycemic index
|
IPHY 2420: FINAL