45 Cards in this Set
Front | Back |
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where do earthquakes occur?
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plate boundaries
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what is an earthquake?
|
vibration of the Earth caused by rapid release of energy
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what causes an earthquake?
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-Faults*
-volcanoes
-impact
-humans
-bomb explosions
-landslides
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Elastic Rebound
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1. stress applied
2. deformation-strain NRG accumulation
3. rocks break
4. releases stored energy-> seismic waves
|
Focus
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origin of earthquake
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epicenter
|
point above focus on earth's surface
|
fault scarp
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cliff created by fault
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foreshock
|
anything before an earthquake
|
main shock
|
biggest shock
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after shock
|
anything after; length of time related to main shock
|
P waves
|
speed: 4 mi/sec
movement: push/pull waves/ travel through solids and liquids
we feel: sharp vertical jolt
|
S waves
|
speed:2 mi/sec
movement: side to side/cant travel through liquid only solid
we feel: side to side motion
|
Surface Waves
|
last one to arrive
lots of difft motion
MOST DESTRUCTIVE
|
Seismograph
|
instrument that records ground shaking
|
seismometer
|
an instrument used to detect very small movements in the groung
|
seismogram
|
records time of earthquake
|
Magnitude
|
quantitative size of an earthquake (amount of NRG released)
|
Richter Scale
|
1 seismogram- P & S wave arrival time difference and amplitude of greatest shaking
|
Moment Magnitude
|
size of fault
amount of slip
rock strength
|
Highest magnitude EQ ever recorded
|
M 9.5 in Chile 1960
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Intensity
|
qualitative size of an earthquake (amount of damage)
|
Modified Mercalli Scale
|
based on human data
intensity depends on where you are
|
Factors controlling the intensity of ground shaking?
|
distance from epicenter
ground composition (rock type)
depth of focus
magnitude
directivity of fault
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What hazards are associated with ground shaking?
|
buildings falling
chimneys break
tsunami
landslide
liquefaction
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What types of building materials don’t do well in earthquakes? What materials tend to crumble?
|
Brick
kitchens
non altered buildings
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What to do during an earthquake if you are inside?
|
stay inside
Drop-Cover-Hold
outside of buildings are bad
kitchens are bad
in bed → pillows over head and neck, covers over body
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What to do during an earthquake when outside?
|
stay outside
drop,cover, and hold
go somewhere open
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What to do during an earthquake if you are in a car?
|
pull over and stop somewhere safe
stay in car
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-What room in the house is most dangerous?
|
kitchen
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Liquefaction
|
ground turns into quick sand-> unconsolidated wet sediments close frictional contact
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Landslides
|
1964 Good Friday Alaska Earthquake (M 9.2)
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What causes flooding? Where does it happen?
|
landslides into river
water main breaks
land surface/elevation change
dam failure
tsunami
|
Example of a large flooding
|
Quake Lake, China
|
what causes fires?
|
human stupidity
gas line breaks
oil leaks
electrical short
|
Why do fires remain burning?
|
flammable material
emergency services busy/ overwhelmed
water supply damaged
streets blocked
|
Disease Outbreak -Why? What leads to this?
|
Disease Outbreak -Why? What leads to this?
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tsunami causes
|
volcanic eruptions
asteroid impacts ocean
landslides in ocean
megathrust eqs
subduction zones/vertical movement
|
wave characteristics in deep ocean
|
speed:450 mph
wavelength: 60 miles
amplitude: 3 ft
|
wave characteristics shallow ocean
|
speed:30 mph
wavelength:4 miles
amplitude: <100 ft
|
what does a tsunami look like?
|
more than one wave at different sizes
|
how far do tsunamis travel in the ocean
|
all around the world
depends on fault slips
depends on topography
|
how far do tsunamis travel on land?
|
depends on topography and size of tsunami
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warning signs and systems for tsunami
|
earthquake
rapid withdrawal of water
odd animal behavior
warning sirens
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what to do if tsunami is coming?
|
get to higher ground
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Examples of tsunamis
|
2004 indian ocean tsunami (deadliest)
2011 Tohoku tsunami
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