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Study Guide: Final Exam
Agrarian |
Referring to the culture of agricultural communities and the type of tenure system that determines access to land and the kind of cultivation practices employed there |
Agribusiness |
A set of economic and political relationships that organize agro-food production from the development of seeds to the retailing and consumption of the agricultural product |
Agriculture |
A science, art, and business directed at the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance and profit |
Commercial Agriculture |
Farming primarily for sale, not direct consumption |
Crop Rotation |
Method of maintaining soil fertility in which the fields under cultivation remain the same but the crop being planted is changed |
Famine |
Acute starvation associated with a sharp increase in mortaility |
Fast Food |
Food that can be prepared and served very quickly, sold in a restaurant and served to customers in packaged form |
Food Security |
Assured access by a person, household, or even a country to enough food at all times to ensure active and healthy lives |
Food Sovereignty |
Right of peoples, communities, and countries to define their own agricultural, labor, fishing, food, and land policies that are ecologically, socially, economically, and culturally appropriate to their unique circumstances |
Globalized Agriculture |
System of food production increasingly dependent upon an economy and set of regulatory practices that are global in scope and organization |
GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) |
Organism that has had its DNA modified in a laboratory rather than through cross pollination or other forms of evolution |
Green Revolution |
Export of a technological package of fertilizers and high-yielding seeds, from core to the periphery, to increase global agricultural productivity |
Hunting and Gathering |
Society which feeds itself through killing wild animals and fish and gathering fruits, roots, and nuts |
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture |
Practice that involves the effective use - usually through a considerable expenditure of human labor and application of fertilizer - of a small parcel of land in order to maximize crop yield |
Organic Farming |
Farming or animal husbandry done without commercial fertilizers, synthetic pesticides, or growth hormones |
Pastoralism |
Subsistence activity that involves the breeding and herding of animals to satisfy the human needs of food, shelter, and clothing |
Shifting Cultivation |
System in which farmers aim to maintain soil fertility by rotating the fields within which cultivation occurs |
Slash-and-Burn |
System of cultivation in which plants are cropped close to the ground, left to dry for a period, and then ignited |
Subsistence Agriculture |
Farming for direct consumption by the produces; not for sale |
Undernutrition |
Inadequate intake of one or more nutrients and/or calories |
Urban Agriculture |
establishment or performance of a agricultural practices in or near an urban or city-like setting |
Centripetal Forces |
Forces that strengthen and unify the state |
Citizenship |
A category of belonging to a nation-state that includes civil, political, and social rights |
Decolonization |
The acquisition by colonized people of control over their own territory |
Democratic Rule |
A system in which public policies and officials are directly chose by popular vote |
Domino Theory |
The theory that if one country in a region chooses or is forced to accept a communist political and economic system, then neighboring countries would be irresistibly susceptible to communism |
Geopolitics |
State's power to control space or territory and shape the foreign policy of individual states and international political relations |
Human Rights |
People's individual rights to justice, freedom, and equality, considered by most societies to belong automatically to all people |
International Organization |
Group that includes two or more states keeping political and/pr economical cooperation with each other |
Nation |
Group of people often sharing common elements of culture, such as religion or language or a history or political identity |
Nation-state |
Ideal form consisting of a homogenous group of people governed by their own states |
Nationalism |
Feeling of belonging to a nation as well as the belief that a nation has a natural right to determine its own affairs |
North/South Divide |
differentiation made between the colonizing states of the Northern Hemisphere and the formerly colonized states of the Southern Hemisphere |
Orientalism |
Discourse that positions the West as culturally superior to the East |
Self-Determination |
Right of a group with a distinctive politico-territorial identity to determine its won destiny, at least in part, through the control of its own territory |
Sovereignty |
Exercise of state power over people and territory, recognized by other states and codified by international law |
Supranational Organization |
Collections of individual states with a common goal that may be economic and/or political in nature |
Territory |
Delimited area over which a state exercises control and which is recognized by other states |
Terrorism |
Threat or use of force to bring about political change |
Central Place |
A settlement in which certain products and services are available to consumers |
Central Place Theory |
A theory that seeks to explain the relative size spacing of towns and cities as a function of people's shopping behavior |
Colonial City |
A city that was deliberately established or developed as an administrative or commercial center by colonial or imperial powers |
Gateway City |
Serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation |
Primacy |
Condition in which the population of the largest city in an urban system is disproportionately large in relation to the second and third largest cities |
Shock City |
City that is seen as the embodiment of surprising and disturbing changes in economic, social, and cultural life |
Squatter Settlements |
Residential developments that occur on land that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants |
Urban Ecology |
Social and demographic composition of city districts and neighborhoods |
Urban Form |
Physical structure and organization of cities |
Urban System |
Interdependent set of urban settlements withing a specified region |
Urbanism |
Way of life, attitudes, values, and patterns of behavior fostered by urban settings |
World City |
City in which a disproportionate part of the world's most important business is conducted |
Cycle of Poverty |
The transmission of poverty and deprivation from one generation to another through a combination of domestic circumstances and local neighborhood conditions |
Redlining |
Practice whereby lending institutions delimit "bad risk" neighborhoods on a city map and then use the map as a basis for determining loans |
3 Ways to Think About Agriculture |
science- we do experiments to understand cultivation of livestock
art- craft industry; creative; gardenbusiness- all directed at the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for subsistence profit |
Steps in Shifting Agriculture |
Cut Vegetation
Burn VegetationNutrients in vegetation are releasedPlant crops in naturally fertilized fieldRepeat planting until field yields diminishing returnsAbandon fieldsReturn to field in 20 years when regeneration has occured |
1st Agricultural Revolution |
Development of seeds and the use of plows/draft animals |
2nd Agricultural Revolution |
Occurred at the same time as the industrial revolution; dramatic improvements outputs, such as crops and livestock yields; new inputs to agricultural production, such as the application of fertilizers and field drainage |
3rd Agricultural Revolution |
Mechanization - the replacement of human farm labor with machines
Chemical farming - the application of synthetic fertilizers to the soil to enhance yieldsFood manufacturing - adding economic value to agricultural products through a range of treatments occurring of the farm and before the products reach the market |
Role of Transitional Corporations |
takes money/jobs away from family-owned farms
have lots of poweragribusiness - largest sector of the US economy |
Biotechnology |
any technique that uses living organisms to improve, make, or modify plants or animals or to develop microorganisms for specific uses
Positives: reduces agriculture production costs and resource management, saves environment from soil overuseNegatives: clone plants more susceptible to disease than real ones, farmers get left behind, so do peripheral economies because less crops come from them |
Political Geography |
examines complex relationships between politics and geography
deals with the phenomena occurring at all scales of resolution, from the global to the body. |
Citizen/citizenship |
a category of belonging to a nation-state that includes the civil, political, and social rights |
Sovereignty |
the state's power over people and territory that is recognized by other states and codified by international law |
Patriotism |
a strong feeling, or love, towards a country that one is willing to die for it |
Imperialism |
force used to conquer
does not use any governmental intervention strictly authoritative |
Colonialism |
formal establishment of rule by a sovereign power over a foreign population through the establishment of settlements |
Neocolonialism |
forms of relations that exist today |
Domino Theory |
ideologies that take root in one country spread across the world
communism example - Vietnam, Guatemala |
New World Order |
made US the most powerful nation since capitalism triumphed communism. With this dominance comes worldwide promotion of liberal democracy and a global economy based on transnational corporate growth through organizations. It caused instability in parts of the world and formed radical forms of warfare and political practices such as terrorism |
Urban geographers |
Study how urban areas evolve, relationships between urban and suburban/rural, and how land use occurs |
World Population |
what is made of up about 50% urban? |
Central business district |
a city's nucleus of commercial land uses |
Modern Stock Market |
the site where the globe's future food prices are determined; commodity prices are increasing |