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GEOG 1982: Exam 1
History of Cartography
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-no maps before 1500
-maps emerged with colonialism
-maps are always political |
latitude |
parallel lines run east to west
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longitude
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meridian lines. run north to south
measured in degrees, minutes, seconds |
Scale and projection
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scale: ratio of distance on map relative to distance on earth's surface
projection: mathematical means of rendering a curved surface as flat. Distorts size of objects and their spatial relations |
5 mapping aspects
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1. con-formality
2. scale
3. direction
4. area
5. distance |
Mercator projection
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... |
Gall-Peters Projection
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equal area map |
Azimuthal Equidistant projection
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... |
Topographic map
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large scale map showing both natural and human made features
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Cartograms
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-Map based on a theme. Replace land area with something else.
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Global Processes and Physical Geography
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physical landscape effects humans in that place/time
-human activities change landscape
*nature and society exist in a reciprocal relationship |
Climate System
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interactions of air, water, sun, topography and land cover around the planet
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regionalization |
- regions are always political and in flux
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System |
a set of elements linked together so that changes in one element often result in changes in another |
Human Geography
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dynamic processes that hold us together socially
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Mercantilism
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to regulate national economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers
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Colonialism
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political and economic system in which people and places are dominated by an external or foreign society
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Colonialism's First Wave
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1500-1800
The americas
-conquest and settlement
Africa
-slave trade
Plantation economies (dispossession from land, forced labor by indigenous people) |
Colonialism's Second Wave
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-1800-1950
-Africa, control over land and resources
-Asia, south pacific, austrailia |
Imperialism |
Extension of the power of a state through direct OR INDIRECT control over the economic life of other territories
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Colonialism |
The direct domination, and transfer of people to a new area with a goal of permanent settlement
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World System
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a socioeconomic system encompassing all or a large part of the planet
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capitalism |
a system of social and economic organization characterized by the profit motive and individual and corporate ownership of productive goods, resources
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Immanuel Wallerstein's World Systems Theory
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1. Core
2. Semi-Periphery
3. Periphery
4. Other
Core= Imperial Powers |
Choropleth Map
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A thematic map in which ranked classes of some variable are depicted with shading patterns or colors for predefined zones
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weather |
the temperature and precipitation in a place and time
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climate
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long term average weather patterns in a particular area
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Atmospheric Circulation
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- air moving from regions of high pressure to low pressure
-constant change defines the system |
Orographic Precipitation
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-results in the formation of a dry rain shadow region on the inland… where dry air sinks |
hadley cell
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tropical atmospheric circulation
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ICTZ |
Intertropical Convergence Zone
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Spheres |
-lithosphere
-biosphere
-atmosphere
-hydrosphere |
anthropocene
|
age of man
-emphasis on human impact on the planet |
Measures of Difference
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GDP- gross domestic product
GNI- gross national income
PPP- purchasing power parity
HDI- human development index |
Culture
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a shared set of meanings lived through material and symbolic practices of everyday life
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Irredentism
|
... |
Racialization
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-social process through which one group defines a norm that is used to create and explain other groups as inferior or lacking
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Gender |
defines norms about what people should do/how they should act
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Globalization
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increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of cultural, economic...
|
world system
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-international division of labor
-resources found in periphery are exported to the core
-the wealth of the core is linked to the poverty of the periphery |
Intersection of 4 historical regions
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1. mediterranean empire
2. holy roman empire
3. northern germanic societies
4. al-andalus |
feudalism
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social system of medieval Europe. Nobility holds power
|
nationalism
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dissolution of european empires into nations defined culturally and governed by a representative state
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Great Depression
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world wide economic contraction
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marshall plan
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-US program
-goal to rebuild european industry, economy destroyed by first world war
-counter spread of communism through economic growth |
Golden Triangle
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london, paris, berlin
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Eurozone |
established in 1999
-17 core members from EU
-money facilitates exchange of good over distance
Outcomes: economic spike, easier to buy property and go on vacation
negative: economic tensions and deindustrialization |
State socialism (soviet Union)
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state control over industry
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oligarchy
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a small group of people having control of a nation
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Russian Revolution
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1917, Alexander II ends feudalism.
-End goal, communism.
-industrial focus
-led by intellectuals and middle class
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Neoliberalism
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Free market
-minimalize state regulation of economy.
-maximize access to market
-stabilize currency values |
Secession |
formal declaration of independence from an existing state
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irredentism |
assertion by a state that a minority living outside it's territory historically and culturally belongs to their nation
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autonomy
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self-governing region usually not independent from a state
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