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History of Cartography
-no maps before 1500 -maps emerged with colonialism -maps are always political
latitude
parallel lines run east to west
longitude
meridian lines. run north to south measured in degrees, minutes, seconds
Scale and projection
scale: ratio of distance on map relative to distance on earth's surface projection: mathematical means of rendering a curved surface as flat. Distorts size of objects and their spatial relations
5 mapping aspects
1. con-formality 2. scale 3. direction 4. area 5. distance
Mercator projection
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Gall-Peters Projection
equal area map
Azimuthal Equidistant projection
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Topographic map
large scale map showing both natural and human made features
Cartograms
-Map based on a theme. Replace land area with something else.
Global Processes and Physical Geography
physical landscape effects humans in that place/time -human activities change landscape *nature and society exist in a reciprocal relationship
Climate System
interactions of air, water, sun, topography and land cover around the planet
regionalization
- regions are always political and in flux
System
a set of elements linked together so that changes in one element often result in changes in another
Human Geography
dynamic processes that hold us together socially
Mercantilism
to regulate national economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers
Colonialism
political and economic system in which people and places are dominated by an external or foreign society
Colonialism's First Wave
1500-1800 The americas -conquest and settlement Africa -slave trade Plantation economies (dispossession from land, forced labor by indigenous people)
Colonialism's Second Wave
-1800-1950 -Africa, control over land and resources -Asia, south pacific, austrailia
Imperialism
Extension of the power of a state through direct OR INDIRECT control over the economic life of other territories
Colonialism
The direct domination, and transfer of people to a new area with a goal of permanent settlement
World System
a socioeconomic system encompassing all or a large part of the planet
capitalism
a system of social and economic organization characterized by the profit motive and individual and corporate ownership of productive goods, resources
Immanuel Wallerstein's World Systems Theory
1. Core 2. Semi-Periphery 3. Periphery 4. Other Core= Imperial Powers
Choropleth Map
A thematic map in which ranked classes of some variable are depicted with shading patterns or colors for predefined zones
weather
the temperature and precipitation in a place and time
climate
long term average weather patterns in a particular area
Atmospheric Circulation
- air moving from regions of high pressure to low pressure -constant change defines the system
Orographic Precipitation
-results in the formation of a dry rain shadow region on the inland… where dry air sinks
hadley cell
tropical atmospheric circulation
ICTZ
Intertropical Convergence Zone
Spheres
-lithosphere -biosphere -atmosphere -hydrosphere
anthropocene
age of man -emphasis on human impact on the planet
Measures of Difference
GDP- gross domestic product GNI- gross national income PPP- purchasing power parity HDI- human development index
Culture
a shared set of meanings lived through material and symbolic practices of everyday life
Irredentism
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Racialization
-social process through which one group defines a norm that is used to create and explain other groups as inferior or lacking
Gender
defines norms about what people should do/how they should act
Globalization
increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of cultural, economic...
world system
-international division of labor -resources found in periphery are exported to the core -the wealth of the core is linked to the poverty of the periphery
Intersection of 4 historical regions
1. mediterranean empire 2. holy roman empire 3. northern germanic societies 4. al-andalus
feudalism
social system of medieval Europe. Nobility holds power
nationalism
dissolution of european empires into nations defined culturally and governed by a representative state
Great Depression
world wide economic contraction
marshall plan
-US program -goal to rebuild european industry, economy destroyed by first world war -counter spread of communism through economic growth
Golden Triangle
london, paris, berlin
Eurozone
established in 1999 -17 core members from EU -money facilitates exchange of good over distance Outcomes: economic spike, easier to buy property and go on vacation negative: economic tensions and deindustrialization
State socialism (soviet Union)
state control over industry
oligarchy
a small group of people having control of a nation
Russian Revolution
1917, Alexander II ends feudalism. -End goal, communism. -industrial focus -led by intellectuals and middle class
Neoliberalism
Free market -minimalize state regulation of economy. -maximize access to market -stabilize currency values
Secession
formal declaration of independence from an existing state
irredentism
assertion by a state that a minority living outside it's territory historically and culturally belongs to their nation
autonomy
self-governing region usually not independent from a state

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