GEOG 1982: Exam 1
54 Cards in this Set
Front | Back |
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History of Cartography
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-no maps before 1500
-maps emerged with colonialism
-maps are always political
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latitude
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parallel lines run east to west
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longitude
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meridian lines. run north to south
measured in degrees, minutes, seconds
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Scale and projection
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scale: ratio of distance on map relative to distance on earth's surface
projection: mathematical means of rendering a curved surface as flat. Distorts size of objects and their spatial relations
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5 mapping aspects
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1. con-formality
2. scale
3. direction
4. area
5. distance
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Mercator projection
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...
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Gall-Peters Projection
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equal area map
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Azimuthal Equidistant projection
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...
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Topographic map
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large scale map showing both natural and human made features
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Cartograms
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-Map based on a theme. Replace land area with something else.
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Global Processes and Physical Geography
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physical landscape effects humans in that place/time
-human activities change landscape
*nature and society exist in a reciprocal relationship
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Climate System
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interactions of air, water, sun, topography and land cover around the planet
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regionalization
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- regions are always political and in flux
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System
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a set of elements linked together so that changes in one element often result in changes in another
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Human Geography
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dynamic processes that hold us together socially
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Mercantilism
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to regulate national economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers
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Colonialism
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political and economic system in which people and places are dominated by an external or foreign society
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Colonialism's First Wave
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1500-1800
The americas
-conquest and settlement
Africa
-slave trade
Plantation economies (dispossession from land, forced labor by indigenous people)
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Colonialism's Second Wave
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-1800-1950
-Africa, control over land and resources
-Asia, south pacific, austrailia
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Imperialism
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Extension of the power of a state through direct OR INDIRECT control over the economic life of other territories
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Colonialism
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The direct domination, and transfer of people to a new area with a goal of permanent settlement
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World System
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a socioeconomic system encompassing all or a large part of the planet
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capitalism
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a system of social and economic organization characterized by the profit motive and individual and corporate ownership of productive goods, resources
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Immanuel Wallerstein's World Systems Theory
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1. Core
2. Semi-Periphery
3. Periphery
4. Other
Core= Imperial Powers
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Choropleth Map
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A thematic map in which ranked classes of some variable are depicted with shading patterns or colors for predefined zones
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weather
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the temperature and precipitation in a place and time
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climate
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long term average weather patterns in a particular area
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Atmospheric Circulation
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- air moving from regions of high pressure to low pressure
-constant change defines the system
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Orographic Precipitation
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-results in the formation of a dry rain shadow region on the inland… where dry air sinks
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hadley cell
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tropical atmospheric circulation
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ICTZ
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Intertropical Convergence Zone
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Spheres
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-lithosphere
-biosphere
-atmosphere
-hydrosphere
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anthropocene
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age of man
-emphasis on human impact on the planet
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Measures of Difference
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GDP- gross domestic product
GNI- gross national income
PPP- purchasing power parity
HDI- human development index
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Culture
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a shared set of meanings lived through material and symbolic practices of everyday life
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Irredentism
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...
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Racialization
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-social process through which one group defines a norm that is used to create and explain other groups as inferior or lacking
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Gender
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defines norms about what people should do/how they should act
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Globalization
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increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of cultural, economic...
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world system
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-international division of labor
-resources found in periphery are exported to the core
-the wealth of the core is linked to the poverty of the periphery
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Intersection of 4 historical regions
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1. mediterranean empire
2. holy roman empire
3. northern germanic societies
4. al-andalus
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feudalism
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social system of medieval Europe. Nobility holds power
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nationalism
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dissolution of european empires into nations defined culturally and governed by a representative state
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Great Depression
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world wide economic contraction
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marshall plan
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-US program
-goal to rebuild european industry, economy destroyed by first world war
-counter spread of communism through economic growth
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Golden Triangle
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london, paris, berlin
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Eurozone
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established in 1999
-17 core members from EU
-money facilitates exchange of good over distance
Outcomes: economic spike, easier to buy property and go on vacation
negative: economic tensions and deindustrialization
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State socialism (soviet Union)
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state control over industry
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oligarchy
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a small group of people having control of a nation
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Russian Revolution
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1917, Alexander II ends feudalism.
-End goal, communism.
-industrial focus
-led by intellectuals and middle class
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Neoliberalism
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Free market
-minimalize state regulation of economy.
-maximize access to market
-stabilize currency values
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Secession
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formal declaration of independence from an existing state
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irredentism
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assertion by a state that a minority living outside it's territory historically and culturally belongs to their nation
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autonomy
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self-governing region usually not independent from a state
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