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GEOG 1982: India
Varanasi |
-one of the oldest cities in the world
-extremely important in Hinduism & Buddhism |
Mumbai |
mostly very wealthy, except Dharavi (huge slum)
|
Baluchistan, Punjab, Kashmir, Sindh, Karachi
|
-border of Pakistan
-enemies of India |
Ayodhya (Uttar Pradesh)
|
site of conflict where mosque was destroyed by BJP
|
Punjab & Kashmir
|
-border b/w India & Pakistan (Radcliffe line) goes through both
-divided region by Muslim & Hindu |
Kashmir |
-majority Muslim
-leader is Hindu |
economy |
still much more state run than Chinese government
|
what countries resulted in the division of British colonies in South Asia in 1948?
|
-East Pakistan (1971- became Bangladesh)
-West Pakistan
-Punjab |
1947 partition of British colonies and vast population movements
|
border drawn between Muslim West Pakistan and Hindu India
|
consequence of partition?
|
1 million dead
17 million refugees |
why is there a conflict over Kashmir?
|
-couldn't decide whether to be part of India or Pakistan
-majority Muslim, leader decided to go to India
-Pakistan/India war - India now controls 3/4 of Kashmir |
Line of Control in Kashmir
|
-established by UN
-separated East India from West Pakistan
-most territory on Indian side of control
-many attacks on Indian forces in Kashmir by people who believed Pakistan should have control |
1971 Pakistan division
|
East Pakistan & India VS. West Pakistan
-established sovereign, independent state of Bangladesh |
Mughal (Mogul) Empire
|
-Northern India
-spread Muslim
-brought centralized government to India |
Dalit (untouchable) caste
|
-caste system was abolished, still imbedded in society
-gov - affirmative action (most successful in urban areas) |
what is considered that highest caste?
|
Brahmin |
Dharavi |
"entrepreneurial slum"
|
Northwest Frontier Provinces
|
-1 of 4 formal provinces of Pakistan
-"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa"
-includes Pashtun people & Kyhber pass
-open land, mountains on both sides to contain
-tribal areas, frontier, not as much direct state control
-created by British as buffer between Afghanistan & British colonies |
Radcliffe commission 1947
|
-split Pakistan into W and E
-failed as boundary
-succeeded as providing political cover to all sides |
Federally Administered Tribal Areas
|
-colonial times
-original 7 villages scattered through mountains were given special status
-Waziristan (N & S) biggest & most prominent |
Muslim states in South Asia
|
-most of Indonesia
-Malaysia
-Brunei
-S Philippines
-S Thaliand |
1947 partition of South Asia
|
Radcliffe Commission (Pakistan & East Pakistan - Bangladesh)
-creation of Indo-Pakistani boundary |
exclave |
piece of land which is politically attached to a larger piece but not physically conterminous with it because of surrounding foreign territory
-Bangladesh & India |
India-Pakistan balance of power
|
-both nuclear powers
-what happens between them affects the whole world |
Separatism & fundamentalism as challenges to India's democracy
|
1. Hindutva
-Hindu nationalism (can be considered fundamentalist in extreme form, BJP party)
2. Naxalites
-Maoist/communist rebels-fight throughout SE India
-claim to fight on behalf of poor
-country's greatest threat
3. Sikhs
-dominant religion in Punjab region (neither Hindu/Muslim) |
Events of Ayodhya 1992
|
-crowd of Hindu volunteers destroyed mosque in India
-trying to reclaim land
-built temple on top of that
-indicative of potential direction India is going |
Bharatiya Janata Party
|
-Hindu practice
-liberal in economic matters
-higher-caste dominated
-strongly oppose Pakistan
-in favor of nuclear India
-non-aligned, leans toward Russia as balance |
Modi |
destroyed a mosque & built temple on top
|
what kind of India does the BJP want?
|
Hindu national party
|
what kind of India does congress want?
|
Ghandi's multiethnic vision of India
-civic nationalism
-Nehru: strong beliefs in democracy & secular government |
who is probably going to win the upcoming elections?
|
BJP |
Hindutva |
-Hindu extremism
-intolerance against non-Hindus
-guiding agenda for BJP
-based on nationalism |
neoliberalism |
-economic philosophy that took off in 80s/90s in developing countries
-in order to pay off debts, countries asked to reduce gov spending on education, etc; open up to free trade/investment |
India & neoliberalism
|
-early 90s
-boom in tech industry
-rash of farmer suicides
-move away from subsistence agriculture to cash crops for global market (like cotton) |
how did neoliberalism affect the Hindu growth rate?
|
massive economic growth
-mainly helped those already at the top |
India's "silicon plateau" (Bangalore)
|
nation's leading information technology (IT) exporter
|
ethnic groups in Pakistan
|
-Punjabi
-Muhajir
-Pathan
-Sindhi
-Saraiki
-Balochi |
Significance of NWFP-tribal areas
|
-drone strikes
-formerly safe haven for Taliban and Al Qaeda |
what did East Pakistan do to try to gain more democracy?
|
joined India to fight West Pakistan
|
what was East Pakistan renamed?
|
Bangladesh (1971)
-now issue of Pakistan/Indian control |
Pakistan's 4 major ethnic groups and their locations
|
Balochis: far west
Sinds: southeast
Punjabs: northeast
Pashtuns: northwest |
Sinds |
southeast |
Punjabis |
northeast |
Pashtuns |
northwest |
Balochis |
southwest |
conservative religious attitudes in Pakistan
|
-women's religious duty to wear veil
-women should not vote
-no music
-pray 5x a day |
Durand line
|
-1893
-bisects Pashtun region
-based on geographical & military lines, not cultural
-established Afghanistan as buffer zone between British controlled India & Russia |
Drone strikes
|
-NW Frontier with Afghanistan
-2010 CIA operated drones: killed militants in N Waziristan; Taliban retaliated
-Pakistan: tribal areas (Bin Laden killed here)
-region controlled by Taliban
-Pakistani gov doesn't take control these areas as much as possible |