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PSYC 362: Chapter 3
neuraxis
|
imaginary line drawn though the spinal cord up to the front of the brain |
rostral |
toward the head (anterior) |
caudal |
toward the tail (posterior)
|
ventral |
toward the belly (inferior)
|
dorsal |
toward the back or top of the head (superior)
|
medial |
toward the middle
|
ipsilateral
|
same side of the brain
|
contralateral
|
opposite side of the brain
|
3 planes of the brain
|
sagittal- through the mid-sagittal plane
coronal (transverse)- vertical cut through the brain
horizontal- horizontal cut through the brain |
Three types of primordial tissue
|
endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm |
which of the 3 primordial layers does the nervous system develop from?
|
ectoderm |
how does the neural tube form and what does it become?
|
tissue folds in upon itself
becomes the CNS |
Three-vesicle stage
|
forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain |
five-vesical stage
|
forebrain-> telencephalon and diencephlon
midbrain- mesencephalon
hindbrain-> metencephalon and myelincephalon |
neurogenesis |
process by which new neurons and glia are produced from stem cells in the inside of the neural tube |
central nervous system |
comprised of brain and spinal cord |
spinal cord |
conduit for information to and from the brain |
peripheral nervous system comprised of: |
-cranial/spinal nerves and peripheral ganglia (somatic NS)
-autonomic nervous syste |
autonomic nervous system |
controls smooth and cardiac mucles and glands |
Efferent nerves |
PNS nerves that project to target organs and to muscles |
Afferent nerves |
PNS nerves that carry sensory information to the brain |
meninges |
series of membranes which are located above the brain but below the skull |
3 types of meninges |
Dura matter- outer (thick) layer
Arachnoid-middle layer, overlies the arachnoid space (CSF), blood vessels run throughout arachnoid layer
Pia matter- inner layer, overlies every detail of the brain
|
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
-comprises extracellular space of brain, spinal cord and the four brain ventricles
produced by choroid plexus of each ventricle
continuous circulaion |
Brainstem
|
divides the brain into midbrain, and hindbrain
|
Telencephalon |
part of the forbrain
containss the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system |
Three parts of the telencephalon |
cerbral cortex, basal ganglia, lymbic system |
describe the cerebral cortex |
-part of the telecephalon
-outer surface of the cerebral hemisphere
-comprised of grooves (sulci and fissures) and bulges (gyri)
-composed primarily of cells so grey appearance
-2-6mm thick (formed from 6 layers of cells) |
what is the name for small and large grooves in the cerebral cortex? |
small grooves- sulcus
large grooves- fissure |
name for bulges in the cortex? |
gyrus (gyri-plural) |
What are the 4 lobes of the Cerebral cortex? |
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal |
Describe location and function of frontal lobe |
-anterior portion of cortex, rostral to parietal lobe, dorsal to temporal lobe
-controls movements of skeletal muscle (connections are contralateral) |
what is the central sulcus |
divides frontal and parietal lobe |
where is the primary motor cortex located |
anterior to central sulcus in frontal lobe |
describe location and function of parietal lobe
|
-in between frontal and occipital lobe, superior to temporal lobe
-contains somatosensory cortex |
where is the somatosensory cortex located? |
just posterior to the central sulcus |
describe location and function of occipital lobe |
posterior portion of cortex
contains primary visual cortex |
describe location and function of temporal lobe |
most inferior portion of cortex, anterior to occipital lobe
contains primary auditory cortex in superior region |
what are primary cortices? |
receive info from specific sensory organs or directly control movements
make up a small portion of the cortex |
describe location and function of motor association cortex |
region of the frontal lobe rostral to the motor association cortex
involved in formulating plans and strategies; controls overall motor behavior |
corpus callosum |
bundle of axons that interconnects corresponding regions of the cerebral cortex
severed in split-brain procedure |
describe neocortex |
phyocentically newest cortex
contains primary sensory, motor and association cortecies |
describe lymbic cortex
|
phylogenetically oldest cortex
located at the medial edge of cerebral hemispheres (part of lymbic system) |
What makes up the limbic system? |
hippocampus, amygdala, mammillary bodies |
what is the function of the hippocampus, amygdala, and mammillary bodies? |
hippocampus- involved in learning and memory
amygdala- involved in emotional response
mammillary bodies-connected to hippocampus through Fornix (fiber bundle) |
what is the cingulate gyrus?
|
strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemispheres, superior to the corpus callosum |
What is the Basal Ganglia |
part of the forebrain
collection of subcortical nuclei that lie just adjacent to the anterior portion of the lateral venticals |
What 3 areas make up the basal ganglia? |
globus pallidua, caudate nucleus, putamen |
what is the function of the basal ganglia? |
involved in control of movvement
input from motor regions of cerebral cortex and output to thalamic nuclei
NO DIRECT input or motor output |
Which disease results from damage to the basal ganglia? |
Parkinson's Disease |
which two areas make up the diencephalon? |
Thalamus and hypothalamus |
What is the function of the thalamus? |
contains nuclei that receive sensory info and transmit it to the cortex
sensory and motor integration |
What 4 nuclei make up the thalamus and what are their functions? |
Lateral geniculate nucleus- receives fibers from retina and projects to primary visual cortex
medial geniculate nucleus- receives fibers from auditory system and projects to primary auditory cortex
Ventroposterior (VPL)- receives input from somatosensory system
ventrolateral- receives input from cerebellum and sends axons to primary motor cortex |
what is the function of the hypothalamus?
|
involved in integration of species-typical behaviors
controls autonomic nervous system and pituitary glands
controls the 4 F's (fighting, feeding, fleeing, mating), drinking, sleeping, and body temperature |
what is a neurosecretory cell? |
cell that secretes a hormone or hormone-like substance |
What is the the posterior pituitary? |
endocrine gland (neural tissue) containing hormone-secreting terminal buttons that are connected to the brain through axons |
How is the anterior pituitary connected to the brain and what is its function? |
connected through capillary beds
controls reproduction and adrenal gland |
What 2 areas make up the midbrain or mesencepalon? |
tectum
tegmentum |
where is the tectum located? |
dorsal part of the midbrain |
where is the tegmentum located? |
under the tectum |
What makes up the tectum and what is their function?
|
Superior and inferior colliculi (4 bumps) involved in visual and auditory systems
2 superior = visual
2 inferior = audiorty |
what areas make up the tegmentum? |
rostral end of reticular formation
periaqueductal gray
red nucleus (motor regulation)
substantia nigra (contains melanin, related to motor system)
ventral tegmental area (contains dopaminergic cells) |
Which 2 areas make up the hindbrain? |
metencephalon
myelencephalon |
which 5 areas make up the metencephalon? |
pons, cerebellum, cerebellar cortex, deep cerebral nuclei, cerebellar peduncles |
what is the function of the pons? |
a "bridge" that contains reticular formtion
involved in the control of sleep and arousal |
what is the function of the cerebellum? |
involved in motor control
receives visual, auditory, vestibular, and somatosensory information along with info about individual muscle movements being directed by the brain
integrates the information and modifies the motor outflow, having a coordinating and smoothing effect on the movements |
what is the result of damage to the cerebellum? |
jerkey, poorly coordinated movements |
What makes up the myelencephalon? |
medulla oblongata |
what is the location and function of the medulla? |
most caudal portion of the brain, rostral to the spinal cord
contains part of the reticular formation
nuclei control vital functions such as regulation of cardiovascular system, breathing, and skeletal muscle tone |
Describe the spinal cord |
protected by vertebral column made of 24 vertebrae
spinal cord passes through the spinal foramen (openings) in each vertebrae |
Describe the function of the spinal cord
|
distributes motor fibers to effector organs of the body and to collect somatosensory info to be passed to the brain
certain degree of autonomy from the brain; various reflexive control circuits located here |
what is the cauda equina? |
bundle of spinal roots located caudal to the end of the spinal cord |
what is a caudal block? |
anesthesia and paralysis of lower part of the body by injection of local anesthetic into CSF surrounding the cauda equina |
Afferent axon
|
directed toward CNS from muscles
|
Efferent axon
|
directed away from CNS to muscles
|
what are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
|
somatic and autonomic
|
Describe the somatic nervous system?
|
comprised of nerves controlling muscle action and carry sensory information back to CNS
12 cranial nerves
31 spinal nerves |
describe the autonomic nervous system?
|
governs smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and gland secretion
|
describe the parasympathetic division of the autonomic PNS
|
supports activities that will increase energy
(ex. rest, digestion) |
describe the sympathetic division of the autonomic PNS
|
supports arousal and the expenditure of energy
(flight or flight) |
what is a nerve
|
collection of axons outside the CNS
|
what is a tract
|
collection of axons inside the CNS
|
What is a nucleus
|
a collection of cell bodies inside the CNS
|
what is a ganglion
|
collection of cell bodies outside the CNS (except the basal ganglia inside the CNS) |
Brocas Area
|
left hemisphere
involved in speech production |