BIOL 118: Test 4
35 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
Three jobs of immune system
|
-prevent entry
-detect presence of pathogenes
-eliminate pathogens
|
|
Innate vs adaptive immunity
|
Innate first response to pathogens, no memory, general purpose
-Adaptive is more specific response, has memory
|
|
TLR's
|
Proteins that function as receptors that recieve signals that a pathogen is present
|
|
Activation of TLR4 and 7
|
-4: releases cytokines that attract other white blood cells and activates others
-7: makes interferon, which stimulates neighboring cells to improve resistance to infection. Done in response to viral infection
|
|
Inflammitory response
|
-Pathogen enter
-Platelets clot wound
-injured tissue and macrophages release chemokines to recruit other cells
-Mast cells secrete factos to constrict damaged vessels and dialate surrounding
-Neutrophils rectruited for phagocytosis
|
|
Four charictaristics of adaptive response
|
-specific
-diverse
-memory
-self-nonself recognition
|
|
Lymphocites
|
carry out the major geatures of adaptive immune responses
|
|
B cells info
|
B cells info
|
|
Immunoglobins
|
antibodies and BCR proteins
|
|
BCR Proteins
|
-has to light and dark chains
-attach to proteins on surface of antigens
-attaching allows cell to make antibodies for that antigen
|
|
Antibodies
|
-Like BCR proteins but don't have transmembrane part
-bind to antigens to mark them for destruction
-involved in antigen presentation
|
|
T cell receptor proteins
|
-binds to antigen fragments that have been presented by other cells
|
|
epitope
|
A small, accessible region of an antigen to which an antigen receptor or antibody binds
|
|
How do B and T cells recognize so many antigens
|
-has many different intron and extron combinations
-has V and J sections, one extron gets chosen from each to make combinations
|
|
How do B and T cells not recognize self molecules
|
-before they leave the marrow if they have destroy-self receptors they are destroyed or inactivated
|
|
Process of clonal selection
|
-antigens are recognized by lymphocytes
-those cells get to reproduce and endure
-cells that do not recognize anything eventually die
|
|
Activating T cells
|
-Dendritic cells engulf antigens and fragments
-present antigen
-CD8t cells turn into cytotoxic t cells
-CD4 turn into helper T cells
|
|
MHC proteins
|
-proteins that display epitopes
-class 1 bind to antigens in ER
-Class two bind to antigens in external enviornment
|
|
MHC antigen presentation process
|
-ingest antigen
-enzymes break down peptide fragment
-MHC loaded with peptides
-MCH moved to surface and presented
|
|
Clonal expansion
|
- T and B cells reproduce quickly when they have been activated
-leads to more mitochondria and Rough ER for making proteins
|
|
Helper T cells
|
-Th1: helps activate cytotoxic T cells
-Th2: helps activate B cells
|
|
Effector T cells
|
activated T cells
-both Helper and cytotoxic
|
|
plasma cells
|
release antibodies into the blood
|
|
B cell activation
|
-B cell recognizes invader
-Stimulates active T cell
-T cell releases cytokines to then activate the B cell
-B cells reproduce and create antibodies
|
|
Somatic hypermutation
|
DNA of B cells are mutated to modify variable regions of receptors
-Made to now bind to a specific antigen and then reproduce
-happens in lymph node
|
|
Cell mediate vs humoral response
|
-CM: promoted by Th1 and Cytotoxic. Cell-Cell interactions
-Humoral: Th2 cells and antibodies. Blood and plasma instead of Cell-Cell
|
|
Optimization and neutrialization
|
-Optimization tags pathogens to be destroyed
-Neutralization block antigens from interacting with host cells and infecting them
|
|
Agglutination
|
-Clumps antigens together
-antibodies join together
-made easy targets
|
|
Co-stimulation of complement proteins
|
-Stimulate production of Complement system
-set of proteins that create pores in cell membrane of antigen
|
|
Cytotoxic T cell vs antigen
|
-binds to infected cell
-secretes pore forming proteins into its membrane and then apoptosis triggering proteins
|
|
memory cells
|
Memory B-cell
Memory helper T cell
Memory cytotoxic T cell
-all stay in lymph nodes for decades waiting for the same antigen to enter
|
|
Secondary immune response
|
-much faster
-immunological memory
|
|
3 types of vaccines
|
-Subunit: has isolated viral proteins
-Inactivated viruses: don't cause rxn but recognized and targeted
-Attenuated viruses: complete virus particles but made harmless
|
|
Hypersensitive rxn
|
Hypersensitivity to a certain allergen causes mass blood vessel dialation and can cause fever hives and athsma
|
|
SCID
|
sever combined immunodeficiency
-no immune system
|
BIOL 118: Test 2