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BIOL 3350: Unit 4 Test
What are the two parts of the respiratory system? |
Conducting airway (supplies the air), and the respiratory tissue (gas exchange occurs) - gas exchange occurs in the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar structures. |
What is the function of the mucociliary blanket? |
It serves to clean (by trapping dust, etc.) and to moisten air that passes over it. |
What is the purpose of the moisture in the conducting airway in relation to temperature? |
As the body temperature rises, more moisture is added (evaporation). |
What is the pleural effusion? |
Abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity. |
What are the symptoms of influenza? List at least three. |
Fever, chills, general malaise (general word for feeling like...). |
What is the pleura? |
Is covering that protects the lungs (a double-layered serous membrane to reduce friction of lung movement). |
What is spontaneous pneumothorax? |
It is collapse of a portion of lung, not caused be outside influences.
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Define tension pneumothorax |
It is caused by a side shift of the mediastinum to the opposite side (caused by an injury or other outside influence). |
What agent causes pneumonia? |
S. pneumonia (streptococcus pneumonia). |
Define hyperventilation. |
Higher than normal ventilation rate which will cause a decrease in blood CO2 levels. |
What is emphysema? |
Special pleural effusion, it differs in that the pleural cavity fills with pus. |
What is atelectasis? |
Part of the lung does not expand completely. |
What happens to the residual lung volume during an asthmatic attack? |
It increases, as air is trapped, and cannot contribute to vital capacity. |
What is lung compliance? |
The ability for the lungs to inflate and change volume reasonable pressure. |
What is the function of the larynx? List three or more. |
Speech, conducts air, protects lungs from things other than air. |
What is the glottis? |
The opening at the larynx, between the vocal cords. |
Why is the right bronchus more prone to obstruction? |
It is wider, thus more likely an obstruction will occur. |
What supplies blood to the conducting airways? |
Bronchial circulation (not pulmonary circulation).
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What is the relation between the surface area of the alveoli and the rate of gas diffusion in the lungs? |
Direct relationship of surface area and rate of gas diffusion - more area means more gas diffusion. |
Removal of a lung would cause what in relation to diffusing capacity? |
It reduces surface area thus decreasing the diffusing capacity of the lungs. |
Bicarbonate carries what in the blood? |
Carbon dioxide is transported using the bicarbonate buffer system. |
A prolonged fever can initiate dehydration by? |
Evaporation from increased temperature, fever increases the respiratory rate, resulting in additional loss of water vapor through the lungs. |
Common opportunistic infection in children with AIDS. Is the infection of viral, bacterial or fungal origin? |
Pneumocystis carinii (fungus). |
The common cold is transmitted via... |
The most common vector for transmission is our own fingers. |
What virus is responsible for the common cold? List at least 5 things. |
Rhinoviruses, parainfluenza viruses, RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), and adenoviruses |
What are the features of the mycobacterium that cause tuberculosis? List at least 4 things. |
Slender rod-shaped, do not spore, waxy coat that retains acid/red die, and they are aerobes (use oxygen environment in lungs...) |
How do antihistamines adversely affect the lungs? |
They dry the bronchial secretions |
Emphysema affects what part of the lungs? |
Alveolar wall's air space abnormally enlarges with destruction of alveolar walls and decreases elasticity and shape. |
Why not give a person with hypoxia a high concentration of oxygen? |
Chemoreceptors for blood O2 would infer high O2 and reduce breathing stimuli. High concentrations suppress CO2 chemoreceptors which provide the main stimulus for ventilation |
What happens to the lungs during asbestosis? |
Injury causes scar tissue and stiffening of lung tissue. |
What is the purpose of the horseshoe shaped cartilages? |
Protecting the trachea from collapsing when the pressure in the thoracic cavity becomes negative. |
Adequate ventilation depends on...? List at least 3 things. |
Compliant lungs, patent airways, lung/atm (atmospheric) pressure differences. |
What is the primary muscle that functions during inspiration? |
Diaphragm (all others are just accessories). |
How is oxygen transported in the blood? |
Most, but not all, is attached to hemoglobin. |
Describe the functions of surface tension on alveoli? |
Slows rate of expansion of alveoli, helps alveoli expand at the same rate. |
Define vital capacity? |
Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled and FORCED out. |
What is % of humidity of the air in the lungs? |
Although air can only be saturated to 4%by ratio, like weather reports, we are using percent saturation, thus on a scale of 0% - 100% (100%) The air in the alveoli of the lungs is 100% saturated at the normal body temperature (percent saturation - 100% = 4% water). |
Define dyspnea. |
Dys pertains to something that is difficult, bad or painful. Difficult breathing. |
What causes acute respiratory distress syndrome? List at least 4 things. |
The adult respiratory distress is characterized by wide spread atelactasis, loss of surfactant, interstitial edema, and formation of hyaline membrane. |
What is the purpose of the two-step testing of tuberculosis? |
Check for boosted response to the first test. |
The polysaccharides capsule of S. pneumonia protects it from what? |
Polysaccharide protection means it will be difficult to be eaten by phagocytes . |
Define Legionaire's Disease. What is thought to have been the cause of the initial outbreak? |
It is common in persons with chronic illness and it consolidates lung tissue. It is preceded by diarrhea, hyponatremia, and confusion. Outbreaks have been traced to AC cooling towers and evaporative condensers. |
Sinuses favor the growth of organisms because they... |
Sinuses have low oxygen concentration; many organisms favor this. |
What is the pressure in relation to the lungs during a tension pneumothorax compared to the atmospheric pressure? |
Intraplueral pressure exceeds the atmospheric pressure. |
What happens to the trachea's position during a tension pneumothorax? |
It deviates (from its normal position). |
To what does the PO2 level refer? |
Plasma O2 levels, thus the amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma. |
What does positive tuberculosis skin test indicate? |
They have been exposed and sensitized (possibly from immunization). |
Acute respiratory distress syndrome causes what lung difficulties? List at least 2 things. |
Impaired gas exchange, lungs do not inflate and become stiff. |
What are signs of hypercapnia [increase of carbon dioxide in blood]? List a least 3 things. |
Headache, flushed skin, conjuctival hyperemia (abnormally high amount of blood in eyes). |
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? |
Small airway obstruction during expiratory phase of ventilations; COPD is a group of diseases (chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchiectasis) characterized by presence of airflow obstruction. |
Describe pulmonary circulation |
The portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. |
Describe the bronchial circulation system |
Supplies blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung such as the conducting airways. |
In addition to the bicarbonate buffer system, what other two ways is carbon dioxide transported in the blood? |
1. Binding the carbon dioxide to blood plasma proteins or hemoglobin.
2. Dissolving carbon dioxide within itself. |
What are the most likely causes of emphysema? List at least three things. |
longer term exposure to cigarette smoke, or exposure to other irritants (such as working in coal mines), air pollution, Antitrypsin Deficiency.
Antitrypsin Deficiency is a rare genetic disorder. |
What is the normal arterial level range of PO2? |
80-100 |