BIOL 3350: Unit 4 Test
55 Cards in this Set
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What are the two parts of the respiratory system?
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Conducting airway (supplies the air), and the respiratory tissue (gas exchange occurs) - gas exchange occurs in the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar structures.
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What is the function of the mucociliary blanket?
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It serves to clean (by trapping dust, etc.) and to moisten air that passes over it.
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What is the purpose of the moisture in the conducting airway in relation to temperature?
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As the body temperature rises, more moisture is added (evaporation).
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What is the pleural effusion?
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Abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity.
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What are the symptoms of influenza? List at least three.
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Fever, chills, general malaise (general word for feeling like...).
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What is the pleura?
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Is covering that protects the lungs (a double-layered serous membrane to reduce friction of lung movement).
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What is spontaneous pneumothorax?
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It is collapse of a portion of lung, not caused be outside influences.
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Define tension pneumothorax
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It is caused by a side shift of the mediastinum to the opposite side (caused by an injury or other outside influence).
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What agent causes pneumonia?
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S. pneumonia (streptococcus pneumonia).
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Define hyperventilation.
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Higher than normal ventilation rate which will cause a decrease in blood CO2 levels.
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What is emphysema?
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Special pleural effusion, it differs in that the pleural cavity fills with pus.
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What is atelectasis?
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Part of the lung does not expand completely.
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What happens to the residual lung volume during an asthmatic attack?
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It increases, as air is trapped, and cannot contribute to vital capacity.
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What is lung compliance?
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The ability for the lungs to inflate and change volume reasonable pressure.
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What is the function of the larynx? List three or more.
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Speech, conducts air, protects lungs from things other than air.
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What is the glottis?
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The opening at the larynx, between the vocal cords.
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Why is the right bronchus more prone to obstruction?
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It is wider, thus more likely an obstruction will occur.
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What supplies blood to the conducting airways?
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Bronchial circulation (not pulmonary circulation).
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What is the relation between the surface area of the alveoli and the rate of gas diffusion in the lungs?
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Direct relationship of surface area and rate of gas diffusion - more area means more gas diffusion.
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Removal of a lung would cause what in relation to diffusing capacity?
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It reduces surface area thus decreasing the diffusing capacity of the lungs.
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Bicarbonate carries what in the blood?
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Carbon dioxide is transported using the bicarbonate buffer system.
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A prolonged fever can initiate dehydration by?
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Evaporation from increased temperature, fever increases the respiratory rate, resulting in additional loss of water vapor through the lungs.
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Common opportunistic infection in children with AIDS. Is the infection of viral, bacterial or fungal origin?
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Pneumocystis carinii (fungus).
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The common cold is transmitted via...
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The most common vector for transmission is our own fingers.
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What virus is responsible for the common cold? List at least 5 things.
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Rhinoviruses, parainfluenza viruses, RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), and adenoviruses
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What are the features of the mycobacterium that cause tuberculosis? List at least 4 things.
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Slender rod-shaped, do not spore, waxy coat that retains acid/red die, and they are aerobes (use oxygen environment in lungs...)
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How do antihistamines adversely affect the lungs?
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They dry the bronchial secretions
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Emphysema affects what part of the lungs?
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Alveolar wall's air space abnormally enlarges with destruction of alveolar walls and decreases elasticity and shape.
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Why not give a person with hypoxia a high concentration of oxygen?
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Chemoreceptors for blood O2 would infer high O2 and reduce breathing stimuli. High concentrations suppress CO2 chemoreceptors which provide the main stimulus for ventilation
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What happens to the lungs during asbestosis?
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Injury causes scar tissue and stiffening of lung tissue.
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What is the purpose of the horseshoe shaped cartilages?
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Protecting the trachea from collapsing when the pressure in the thoracic cavity becomes negative.
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Adequate ventilation depends on...? List at least 3 things.
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Compliant lungs, patent airways, lung/atm (atmospheric) pressure differences.
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What is the primary muscle that functions during inspiration?
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Diaphragm (all others are just accessories).
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How is oxygen transported in the blood?
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Most, but not all, is attached to hemoglobin.
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Describe the functions of surface tension on alveoli?
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Slows rate of expansion of alveoli, helps alveoli expand at the same rate.
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Define vital capacity?
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Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled and FORCED out.
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What is % of humidity of the air in the lungs?
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Although air can only be saturated to 4%by ratio, like weather reports, we are using percent saturation, thus on a scale of 0% - 100% (100%) The air in the alveoli of the lungs is 100% saturated at the normal body temperature (percent saturation - 100% = 4% water).
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Define dyspnea.
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Dys pertains to something that is difficult, bad or painful. Difficult breathing.
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What causes acute respiratory distress syndrome? List at least 4 things.
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The adult respiratory distress is characterized by wide spread atelactasis, loss of surfactant, interstitial edema, and formation of hyaline membrane.
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What is the purpose of the two-step testing of tuberculosis?
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Check for boosted response to the first test.
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The polysaccharides capsule of S. pneumonia protects it from what?
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Polysaccharide protection means it will be difficult to be eaten by phagocytes .
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Define Legionaire's Disease. What is thought to have been the cause of the initial outbreak?
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It is common in persons with chronic illness and it consolidates lung tissue. It is preceded by diarrhea, hyponatremia, and confusion. Outbreaks have been traced to AC cooling towers and evaporative condensers.
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Sinuses favor the growth of organisms because they...
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Sinuses have low oxygen concentration; many organisms favor this.
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What is the pressure in relation to the lungs during a tension pneumothorax compared to the atmospheric pressure?
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Intraplueral pressure exceeds the atmospheric pressure.
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What happens to the trachea's position during a tension pneumothorax?
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It deviates (from its normal position).
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To what does the PO2 level refer?
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Plasma O2 levels, thus the amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma.
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What does positive tuberculosis skin test indicate?
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They have been exposed and sensitized (possibly from immunization).
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Acute respiratory distress syndrome causes what lung difficulties? List at least 2 things.
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Impaired gas exchange, lungs do not inflate and become stiff.
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What are signs of hypercapnia [increase of carbon dioxide in blood]? List a least 3 things.
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Headache, flushed skin, conjuctival hyperemia (abnormally high amount of blood in eyes).
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What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
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Small airway obstruction during expiratory phase of ventilations; COPD is a group of diseases (chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchiectasis) characterized by presence of airflow obstruction.
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Describe pulmonary circulation
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The portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.
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Describe the bronchial circulation system
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Supplies blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung such as the conducting airways.
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In addition to the bicarbonate buffer system, what other two ways is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
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1. Binding the carbon dioxide to blood plasma proteins or hemoglobin.
2. Dissolving carbon dioxide within itself.
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What are the most likely causes of emphysema? List at least three things.
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longer term exposure to cigarette smoke, or exposure to other irritants (such as working in coal mines), air pollution, Antitrypsin Deficiency.
Antitrypsin Deficiency is a rare genetic disorder.
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What is the normal arterial level range of PO2?
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80-100
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Biol 3350:Unit 3 Test