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PSYCH 202: Final Lecture 1
What was the social influence in Sherif's experiment? |
"informational influence"
-seeking out information to help decide what reality is
-conform because one believes the majority is correct |
What was the social influence in Asch's experiment? |
"normative influence"
-conform to avoid social rejection |
What factors lessen obedience? |
1. prestige of experimenter
2. distance between "teacher" and the "learner"
3. distance between the "authority" and the teacher
4. presence of others who disobey |
Cognitive symptoms of depression? |
-negative view of self esteem
-pessimism
-poor concentration |
Motivational symptoms of depression? |
-lack of response initiation
-psychomotor retardation
-psychomotor agitation |
Somatic symptoms of depression? |
-loss of appetite
-increased appetite
-sleep disturbance
-insomnia
-hypersomnia |
What is epidemiology? |
looking at the distribution of an illness across a population |
2 examples of unipolar mood disorders |
1. major depression
2. dysthymia |
2 examples of bipolar disorders |
1. bipolar
2. cyclothymia |
Dysthymia |
-lower severity and longer duration |
Major Depression |
-higher severity but shorter duration |
3 dimensions of causal attribution |
-internal or external
-stable or unstable
-global or specific |
Results confirming attributional model |
example
high grade: attributional style doesn't matter
low grade: students with neg. attributional style were more depressed |
What is the biogenic amine hypothesis? |
-depression is due to deficit of specific neurotransmitters
-support comes from drugs used to treat depression which increase norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain
|
What are tricyclics? |
prevent reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin (imipramine, amitriptyline) |
What are monomine oxidase inhibitors? |
prevent breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse (Nardil, Parnate) |
What are serotonin reuptake inhibitors? |
selectively prevent reuptake of serotonin (Prozac, Zoloft)
-less likely to accidentally kill yourself
-fewer side effects |
Bipolar disorder (manic depression) |
symptoms include extreme mood swings from depression to mania |
How long to manic episodes last with manic depression? |
-last a few days to 3 months
|
What is cyclothymia? |
-milder, more chronic, form of bipolar disorder
-mood swings from hypmania to dysthymia
-experience highs and lows for at least 2 year period
-have increased risk of developing bipolar |
What is the epidemiology of bipolar disorder? |
lifetime prevalence: 1%
1:1 gender ratio
mean age of 20
1/6 commit suicide
|
What did Andreasen find in bipolar study?
|
-interviewed 30 creative writers
-80% with at least 1 episode of depression
-43% reporting episodes of mania or hypomania
|
What is treatment for bipolar disorder? |
-Lithium (wonder drug)
-works within 2 weeks
-must use prophylactically |
Symptoms of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder |
-obsessions; intrusive, uncontrollable
-compulsions; behavioral reactions to obsessions intended to reduce anxiety
-obsessions lead to compulsion 90% of cases |
Epidemiology of OCD |
-lifetime prevalence 2%-4%
-mean age 20
gender 1:1 |
Physical factors of OCD |
-50% of OCD patients respond to antidepressants such as Prozac |
What is Mowrer's learning theory? |
-subjects are motivated to escape fear and are not performing on the basis of the future expectation of an aversive event
-fear acquired from classical conditioning
-maintaining from operant conditioning |
What did Roper & Rachman research on OCD? |
-exposure to CS increases autonomic activity
-when compulsive act is performed arousal decreases
-doesn't explain origin of obsessions |