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BIOLOGY 151: Inside the Cell
Nucleus |
contains chromosomes (DNA and proteins) |
Nuclear envelope |
encloses the nucleus |
Inner and Outer nuclear envelopes |
perforated by pores which act as pumps to transport proteins and RNA
|
Ribosomes |
protein synthesis |
Endoplasmic Reticulum |
network of membrane enclosed tubes, discs
|
Smooth ER
|
synthesis of many molecules, like lipids and carbohydrates, storage
|
Rough ER
|
protein synthesis/processing |
Golgi apparatus |
stack of flattened membrane-bound discs, finishes and packages proteins for export
secretion of proteins via transport and secretor vesicles |
Trafficking of vesicles
|
end with "somes"
|
Exo/endocytosis |
Exo: exports materials from the cell
Endo: imports materials into cell
pinch off or fuse membrane |
Pathway of proteins |
proteins-> into ER lumen -> vesicles (transport) -> Golgi apparatus -> secretory vesicles -> outside plasma membrane |
Lysosomes |
contain digestive enzymes for breaking down molecules |
Vacuoles |
larger vesicles, storage |
Cells are all about...
|
order |
Cytoskeleton
|
supporting structure made of: dynamic fiber, microtubules, intermediate-filaments, and microfilaments |
Dynamic fiber
|
like polymers of proteins |
Microtubules |
tubulin |
Intermediate-filaments |
keratin-type proteins |
Microfilaments |
actin |
how is movement involving microtubules mediated?
|
Motor proteins - extend or shorten by adding or removing tubulin or actin proteins |
Myosin |
slides microfilaments past each other (muscle contraction)
|
Kinesin |
walks vesicles along microtubules |
Pseudopodia |
Blobby
|
Filopodia |
Fine |
Lamellipodia |
Flat |