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BIOLOGY 151: Cells
Enzyme |
Speeds up reaction without getting consumed |
Carbohydrates
|
Sugars
Contain energy
Transport energy
Store energy
Can be structural |
Competitive inhibitor
|
Mimics substrate, competes for active site |
Noncompetitive inhibitor
|
Binds to enzyme and alters the shape of the active site |
Allosteric regulation |
Any case where protein shape is altered by a regulatory molecule |
Metabolism
|
Collection of chemical reactions in an organism |
Catabolic pathway
|
Break down molecules, release energy |
Anabolic pathway |
Building molecules, consuming energy |
Chloroplasts |
Photosynthesis |
Mitochondria
|
Cellular respiration |
Fermentation |
Catabolic pathway that does not use ocygen |
Aerobic respiration |
Oxygen is consumed as a reactant with the organic fuel |
Anaerobic respiration |
Harvesting chemical energy without oxygen |
Electron transport chain |
Number of proteins built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria or plasma membrane |
Glycolysis |
Breaking glucose down to two molecules of pyruvate (2ATP) |
Krebs cycle |
Breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide (2ATP) |
Oxidative phosphorylation
|
Energy released from electron transport chain is used to synthesize ATP from ADP + Pi, powered by redox rxns |
Chemiosmosis
|
Flow of H+ ions across a membrane |
Substrate level phosphorylation |
Smaller amount of ATP formed directly in a few reactions of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
|
ATP synthase |
Enzyme that synthesizes ATP from ADP |
Proton motive force
|
H+ gradient, capacity of gradient to do work, drives H+ back across membrane through channels by ATP synthase |