View
- Term
- Definition
- Both Sides
Study
- All (43)
Shortcut Show
Next
Prev
Flip
BIO 312: ERS EXAM 1
ingroup |
normal and superior
|
outgroups |
lesser or inferior
|
race |
share outward physical characteristics (phenotypes)
-not biologically based, but meaning attributed those phenotypes
share commonalities of culture, history, or language?
constructed in relation to one another
|
Ethnic group
|
share national origin, ancestry, or distinctive cultural patterns
may exist independent of other ethnic groups
|
indentured slavery
|
native americans and irish as indentured servants/slaves
-able to eventually pay/work off their debt to be free
|
chattel slaves
|
later looked to African slaves trade for chattel slaves
-own slave as property
|
Hamitic Theory
|
Ham, son of Noah, was curse for dishonoring his father
-Ham's youngest son, Canaan, cursed
--darker complexion
--descendants to serve as sevants
-biblical justification of enslavement of people of color particularly Africans in the Atlantic Slave Trade
-changed/redefined over the course of time to justify privileging of some and devaluation of others
|
Scientific racism
|
-16th-20th century
-the use of ostensible scientific findings and methods to investigate differences between races
-early physical anthropology
--division of humankind
--genetic traits
-scientific method?
--assumptions?
|
Social Darwinism
|
-19th-20th century
-assumed a scientific approach to the study of race
-believed there were biological differences
-believed human evolution included race
|
Racial formation in historical context
|
-a sociohistorical process
-historically contingent
-us to justify some form of social inequality
|
Pluralism
|
-salad bowl?
--varying levels of integration and interaction
--separatism, tolerance, interdependence
|
Conflict theories
|
-power, access, levels of integration
-violence (eg. U.S, Germany, Rwanda, Indonesia)
|
genocide |
the deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group
|
assimilation/ acculturation, biculturalism
|
-melting pot?
--biculturalism
---the presence of two different cultures in the same country or region
--adapting tot he culture of the ingroup
|
Racism |
-a belief that there are inherent differences
-the idea that one's own race is superior and should have special rights over others
-the power to limit the opportunities of another?
-individual AND system-level racism
|
Ethnocentrism
|
-viewing the world from the perspective of one's own ethnic culture
--Euro-centric, afrocentric, sinocentric
|
Orientalism
|
-a western tradition, both academic an artistic, of deprecatory views of the east
--Edward Said- Orientalism (1978)
--creates a biased and depreciatory image of those not like the Europeans
--vs. Occidentalism
|
Eurocentrism
|
-centered on Europe and Europeans
-considering Europe and Europeans as focal to world culture, history, economics, etc.
|
Cultural Relativism
|
-beliefs and activities make sense in terms of his or her own culture
--not the same as moral relativism
|
Stereotypes
|
-a category based on one, two or a few characteristics
-oversimplification
-shortcut
-why stereotype?
--human complexity is difficult
--inaccurate yet efficient
--difficult t process new information
--difficult to change stereotypes
|
Prejudice |
-prejudgment or attitude about a group or it individual members
-learned
-obvious vs hidden
-positive or negative
|
discrimination
|
behavior that excludes members of a group from accessing certain rights, opportunities, and privileges
|
Merton's Typology
|
table
-see review sheet
|
Ethnophaulisms
|
ethnic slurs
|
affinity bias
|
benefit of the doubt- positive bias
|
racial profiling
|
-action taken against a person or group of people based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than the person's behavior
--illegal except in instances of national security
-minorities tend to be more aware of prejudice than the dominant group
|
Contact Hypothesis
|
-positive, non-competitive interactions reduce prejudice
|
scapegoating
|
one group of people is blamed for another group's problems or difficulties
|
authoritarian personality
|
a personality type that is more likely t be prejudiced and to scapegoat them
|
exploitation theory
|
-racial subordination is a manifestation of the class system
-prejudice and discrimination are used to keep certain segments of the population in a subordinate position
|
normative theory
|
prejudice is learned and influenced by societal norms
|
Cultural Transmission Theory
|
the way a group of people or animals within a society or culture tend to learn and pass on new information
|
Secondary minority theory
|
-minority groups are prejudiced towards other minority groups using culturally transmitted beliefs
-there is a pecking order to prejudice
-influenced by domination social hierarchy
|
hate groups
|
-organizations whose primary purpose is to promote animosity, hostility, and malice
-race, religion, ability, sexual orientation, etc.
|
hate crimes
|
-criminal offenses committed against a person, persons or property
--motivated by the offender's bias
|
individual discrimination
|
-internalized (about self and others)
-one-on-one interactions
|
legal discrimination
|
-unequal treatment based on group membership that is upheld by law
--apartheid
--Jim Crow
|
institutional discrimination
|
-systematic discrimination based on the normal operations of a society-legitimized
-intentional
--eg. chapel requirements at universities
----designed to dissuade non-Christians
----now just 'tradition'
-unintentional
--eg. standardized IQ tests favor white, middle-class, Christian backgrouds
-fall back on narratives of individual responsibility and fault
|
Structural Discrimination
|
-systematic discrimination across institutions that maintain social inequalities
-those implementing the polices often unaware
|
long terms effects of discrimination
|
-success varies widely across races
--eg. housing and real estate
----redlining
--eg. racial profiling
--eg. children's attitudes and achievement
----a class divided
----a self-fulfilling prophecy
--eg. entrance into the informal economy
----no safeguards
----cycle of poverty and an under class
|
what is affirmative action?
|
a proactive effort to ensure equal opportunity for all people regardless of race, gender, etc
|
some myths surrounding affirmative action
|
-affirmative action means quotas
-AA means preferential treatment for minorities
-AA means choosing unqualified or less-qualified candidates
-people should be judged solely on individual merit, not race or gender
|
ten things everyone should know about race
|
-race is a modern idea
-race has no genetic basis
-human subspecies don't exits
-skin color really is only skin deep
-most variations is within, not between "races"
-slavery predates race
-the concepts of race and freedom evolved together
-race justified social inequalities as natural
-race isn't biological, but racism is still real
-colorblindness will not end racism
|