BIO 312: ERS EXAM 1
43 Cards in this Set
Front | Back |
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ingroup
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normal and superior
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outgroups
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lesser or inferior
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race
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share outward physical characteristics (phenotypes)
-not biologically based, but meaning attributed those phenotypes
share commonalities of culture, history, or language?
constructed in relation to one another
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Ethnic group
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share national origin, ancestry, or distinctive cultural patterns
may exist independent of other ethnic groups
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indentured slavery
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native americans and irish as indentured servants/slaves
-able to eventually pay/work off their debt to be free
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chattel slaves
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later looked to African slaves trade for chattel slaves
-own slave as property
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Hamitic Theory
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Ham, son of Noah, was curse for dishonoring his father
-Ham's youngest son, Canaan, cursed
--darker complexion
--descendants to serve as sevants
-biblical justification of enslavement of people of color particularly Africans in the Atlantic Slave Trade
-changed/redefined ov…
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Scientific racism
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-16th-20th century
-the use of ostensible scientific findings and methods to investigate differences between races
-early physical anthropology
--division of humankind
--genetic traits
-scientific method?
--assumptions?
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Social Darwinism
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-19th-20th century
-assumed a scientific approach to the study of race
-believed there were biological differences
-believed human evolution included race
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Racial formation in historical context
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-a sociohistorical process
-historically contingent
-us to justify some form of social inequality
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Pluralism
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-salad bowl?
--varying levels of integration and interaction
--separatism, tolerance, interdependence
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Conflict theories
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-power, access, levels of integration
-violence (eg. U.S, Germany, Rwanda, Indonesia)
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genocide
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the deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group
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assimilation/ acculturation, biculturalism
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-melting pot?
--biculturalism
---the presence of two different cultures in the same country or region
--adapting tot he culture of the ingroup
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Racism
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-a belief that there are inherent differences
-the idea that one's own race is superior and should have special rights over others
-the power to limit the opportunities of another?
-individual AND system-level racism
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Ethnocentrism
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-viewing the world from the perspective of one's own ethnic culture
--Euro-centric, afrocentric, sinocentric
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Orientalism
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-a western tradition, both academic an artistic, of deprecatory views of the east
--Edward Said- Orientalism (1978)
--creates a biased and depreciatory image of those not like the Europeans
--vs. Occidentalism
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Eurocentrism
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-centered on Europe and Europeans
-considering Europe and Europeans as focal to world culture, history, economics, etc.
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Cultural Relativism
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-beliefs and activities make sense in terms of his or her own culture
--not the same as moral relativism
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Stereotypes
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-a category based on one, two or a few characteristics
-oversimplification
-shortcut
-why stereotype?
--human complexity is difficult
--inaccurate yet efficient
--difficult t process new information
--difficult to change stereotypes
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Prejudice
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-prejudgment or attitude about a group or it individual members
-learned
-obvious vs hidden
-positive or negative
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discrimination
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behavior that excludes members of a group from accessing certain rights, opportunities, and privileges
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Merton's Typology
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table
-see review sheet
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Ethnophaulisms
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ethnic slurs
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affinity bias
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benefit of the doubt- positive bias
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racial profiling
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-action taken against a person or group of people based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than the person's behavior
--illegal except in instances of national security
-minorities tend to be more aware of prejudice than the dominant group
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Contact Hypothesis
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-positive, non-competitive interactions reduce prejudice
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scapegoating
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one group of people is blamed for another group's problems or difficulties
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authoritarian personality
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a personality type that is more likely t be prejudiced and to scapegoat them
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exploitation theory
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-racial subordination is a manifestation of the class system
-prejudice and discrimination are used to keep certain segments of the population in a subordinate position
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normative theory
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prejudice is learned and influenced by societal norms
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Cultural Transmission Theory
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the way a group of people or animals within a society or culture tend to learn and pass on new information
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Secondary minority theory
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-minority groups are prejudiced towards other minority groups using culturally transmitted beliefs
-there is a pecking order to prejudice
-influenced by domination social hierarchy
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hate groups
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-organizations whose primary purpose is to promote animosity, hostility, and malice
-race, religion, ability, sexual orientation, etc.
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hate crimes
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-criminal offenses committed against a person, persons or property
--motivated by the offender's bias
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individual discrimination
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-internalized (about self and others)
-one-on-one interactions
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legal discrimination
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-unequal treatment based on group membership that is upheld by law
--apartheid
--Jim Crow
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institutional discrimination
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-systematic discrimination based on the normal operations of a society-legitimized
-intentional
--eg. chapel requirements at universities
----designed to dissuade non-Christians
----now just 'tradition'
-unintentional
--eg. standardized IQ tests favor white, middle-class…
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Structural Discrimination
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-systematic discrimination across institutions that maintain social inequalities
-those implementing the polices often unaware
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long terms effects of discrimination
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-success varies widely across races
--eg. housing and real estate
----redlining
--eg. racial profiling
--eg. children's attitudes and achievement
----a class divided
----a self-fulfilling prophecy
--eg. entrance into the informal economy
----no safeguards
----cy…
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what is affirmative action?
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a proactive effort to ensure equal opportunity for all people regardless of race, gender, etc
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some myths surrounding affirmative action
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-affirmative action means quotas
-AA means preferential treatment for minorities
-AA means choosing unqualified or less-qualified candidates
-people should be judged solely on individual merit, not race or gender
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ten things everyone should know about race
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-race is a modern idea
-race has no genetic basis
-human subspecies don't exits
-skin color really is only skin deep
-most variations is within, not between "races"
-slavery predates race
-the concepts of race and freedom evolved together
-race justified social inequa…
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