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ingroup
normal and superior
outgroups
lesser or inferior
race
share outward physical characteristics (phenotypes) -not biologically based, but meaning attributed those phenotypes share commonalities of culture, history, or language? constructed in relation to one another
Ethnic group
share national origin, ancestry, or distinctive cultural patterns may exist independent of other ethnic groups
indentured slavery
native americans and irish as indentured servants/slaves -able to eventually pay/work off their debt to be free
chattel slaves
later looked to African slaves trade for chattel slaves -own slave as property
Hamitic Theory
Ham, son of Noah, was curse for dishonoring his father -Ham's youngest son, Canaan, cursed --darker complexion --descendants to serve as sevants -biblical justification of enslavement of people of color particularly Africans in the Atlantic Slave Trade -changed/redefined ov…
Scientific racism
-16th-20th century -the use of ostensible scientific findings and methods to investigate differences between races -early physical anthropology --division of humankind --genetic traits -scientific method? --assumptions?
Social Darwinism
-19th-20th century -assumed a scientific approach to the study of race -believed there were biological differences -believed human evolution included race
Racial formation in historical context
-a sociohistorical process -historically contingent -us to justify some form of social inequality
Pluralism
-salad bowl? --varying levels of integration and interaction --separatism, tolerance, interdependence
Conflict theories
-power, access, levels of integration -violence (eg. U.S, Germany, Rwanda, Indonesia)
genocide
the deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group
assimilation/ acculturation, biculturalism
-melting pot? --biculturalism ---the presence of two different cultures in the same country or region --adapting tot he culture of the ingroup
Racism
-a belief that there are inherent differences -the idea that one's own race is superior and should have special rights over others -the power to limit the opportunities of another? -individual AND system-level racism
Ethnocentrism
-viewing the world from the perspective of one's own ethnic culture --Euro-centric, afrocentric, sinocentric
Orientalism
-a western tradition, both academic an artistic, of deprecatory views of the east --Edward Said- Orientalism (1978) --creates a biased and depreciatory image of those not like the Europeans --vs. Occidentalism
Eurocentrism
-centered on Europe and Europeans -considering Europe and Europeans as focal to world culture, history, economics, etc.
Cultural Relativism
-beliefs and activities make sense in terms of his or her own culture --not the same as moral relativism
Stereotypes
-a category based on one, two or a few characteristics -oversimplification -shortcut -why stereotype? --human complexity is difficult --inaccurate yet efficient --difficult t process new information --difficult to change stereotypes
Prejudice
-prejudgment or attitude about a group or it individual members -learned -obvious vs hidden -positive or negative
discrimination
behavior that excludes members of a group from accessing certain rights, opportunities, and privileges
Merton's Typology
table -see review sheet
Ethnophaulisms
ethnic slurs
affinity bias
benefit of the doubt- positive bias
racial profiling
-action taken against a person or group of people based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than the person's behavior --illegal except in instances of national security -minorities tend to be more aware of prejudice than the dominant group
Contact Hypothesis
-positive, non-competitive interactions reduce prejudice
scapegoating
one group of people is blamed for another group's problems or difficulties
authoritarian personality
a personality type that is more likely t be prejudiced and to scapegoat them
exploitation theory
-racial subordination is a manifestation of the class system -prejudice and discrimination are used to keep certain segments of the population in a subordinate position
normative theory
prejudice is learned and influenced by societal norms
Cultural Transmission Theory
the way a group of people or animals within a society or culture tend to learn and pass on new information
Secondary minority theory
-minority groups are prejudiced towards other minority groups using culturally transmitted beliefs -there is a pecking order to prejudice -influenced by domination social hierarchy
hate groups
-organizations whose primary purpose is to promote animosity, hostility, and malice -race, religion, ability, sexual orientation, etc.
hate crimes
-criminal offenses committed against a person, persons or property --motivated by the offender's bias
individual discrimination
-internalized (about self and others) -one-on-one interactions
legal discrimination
-unequal treatment based on group membership that is upheld by law --apartheid --Jim Crow
institutional discrimination
-systematic discrimination based on the normal operations of a society-legitimized -intentional --eg. chapel requirements at universities ----designed to dissuade non-Christians ----now just 'tradition' -unintentional --eg. standardized IQ tests favor white, middle-class…
Structural Discrimination
-systematic discrimination across institutions that maintain social inequalities -those implementing the polices often unaware
long terms effects of discrimination
-success varies widely across races --eg. housing and real estate ----redlining --eg. racial profiling --eg. children's attitudes and achievement ----a class divided ----a self-fulfilling prophecy --eg. entrance into the informal economy ----no safeguards ----cy…
what is affirmative action?
a proactive effort to ensure equal opportunity for all people regardless of race, gender, etc
some myths surrounding affirmative action
-affirmative action means quotas -AA means preferential treatment for minorities -AA means choosing unqualified or less-qualified candidates -people should be judged solely on individual merit, not race or gender
ten things everyone should know about race
-race is a modern idea -race has no genetic basis -human subspecies don't exits -skin color really is only skin deep -most variations is within, not between "races" -slavery predates race -the concepts of race and freedom evolved together -race justified social inequa…

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