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BIOL 3442: Test 2
resting potential & components (5)
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-70 mV in most cells, -60 mV in cardiac cells; high [Na+] in ECF, high [K+] in ICF, high [non-penetrating anions] in ICF
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ampullary electroreceptors (2)
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in almost all nonteleost fish, some teleosts, & many amphibis; respond to low freq electrical signals
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passive electroreception; active electroreception
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ability to detect extraneous electrical fields mostly for electrolocation; actively emit signals to receive feedback
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tuberous electroreceptors (2)
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more numerous than ampullary electroreceptors, on anterior surface in lateral line system to monitor changes in local transepidermal current flow
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electrosensory lateral line lobe; marine fish electroreceptors vs freshwater fish
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where electroreceptors terminate in brain; mainly ampullary & in long, low-resistance channels vs mainly tuberous & short
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electrocytes (2)
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thin cells stacked in columns & insulated w/ jelly to produce electric organ discharges, has a smooth & rough side w/ folds for ↑ SA
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electrocyte potentials (2); 3 possible magnetoreceptor mechanisms
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positive on both sides at rest, side that gets innervated becomes negative; magnetic induction in electroreceptors, magnetic minerals, & magnetochemical release
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cryptochromes (2)
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ancient blue-light receptors, light absorption → magnetically sensitive free radical rxns
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4 types of ion channels; action potentials (2)
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voltage gated, ligand gated, mechanically gated, thermally gated; rapid & brief, req a threshold potential for nondecremental response
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graded potentials (4)
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stronger trigger = stronger depolarization, occurs in specific cell membrane regions, spread by passive current flow, fade over distances
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appearance of Na+ vs K+ channels; when Na+ channels close & K+ channels open
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simpler ball & chain vs 2 gates that swing open & close; during peak b/n depolarization & repolarization
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when K+ channels close; 5 neuron parts
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after refractory period; cell body, dendrites for input, axon hillock (beginning of string), axon, & axon terminals
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absolute vs relative refractory period; 2 synapse types; most common chemical class for neurotransmitters
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depolarization & repolarization vs hyperpolization; electrical & chemical; amines
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electrical synapse (4)
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uncommon; electrical signal passes nearly unperturbed via gap junctions in direct contact; fast b/c of simplicity; good for escape responses, esp in inverts
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chemical synapse (3)
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common, synaptic cleft w/ neurotransmitters for indirect contact, slower & unidirectional
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6 most common neurotransmitters
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acetylcholine (ACH), dopamine (DA), epinephrine (EPI), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (SE), & histamine (HA)
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3 reqs for synapse to release
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Ca2+ influx in synaptic knob, neurotransmitter exocytosis & diffusion across synapse, binding on ligand-gated receptors on postsynaptic neuron
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excitation
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brings postsynaptic membranes closer to an action potential by opening non-specific cation channels to cause excitatory postsynaptic potentials via depolarization
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inhibition |
pushes postsynaptic membranes farther fr an action potential by increasing K+ & Cl- permeability to cause hyperpolarization in inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
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how body decides on excitation or inhibition (2); how long EPSPs & IPSPs cont
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neurotransmitter & receptor combo will always have same response, time-based; as long as neurotransmitters are bound to receptor
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slow synapses; neuromuscular junctions
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mediate responses through 2nd messengers & neuromodulators; ea muscle cell has only 1
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GPSP (3)
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sum of EPSPs & IPSPs, can be temporal (same synapse firing quickly) or spatial (diff synapses firing simultaneously), determines whether or not action potential fires
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centralization; 2 cnidarian nerve rings
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nervous system moves into CNS & PNS; inside ring is for relaxed state, outside is for stress
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bilateral symmetry; ganglia
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introduces directionality ⇒ cephalization & centralization; similar neurons in a group
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arthropod "brain"; expensive tissue hypothesis
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actually a super ganglion; neural tissue is as expensive as gut tissue, so good brain = comfortable w/ behavioral changes to deal w/ lower quality food
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maternal nrg hypothesis; internurons; somatic sensory nervous division
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nrg amt Mom puts into raising offspring = brain size; integrator neurons only in CNS; for feeling in skin, body wall, & limbs
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6 PNS divisions
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sensory aka afferent (can be somatic or visceral) or motor aka efferent (can be somatic or autonomic, which can be sympathetic or parasympathetic)
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somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system (3)
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motor innervation of skeletal muscles; motor innervation of smooth & cardiac muscle & glands
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afferent vs efferent neurons; somatic motor neuron vs autonomic motor neuron
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away fr receptor vs towards receptor; myelinated along entire axon vs myelinated only preganglion
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saliva, liver, & bladder in sympathetic & parasympathetic
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sym: saliva flow & bladder contraction inhibited, glycogen → glucose; para: saliva flow, bile production, & bladder contraction stim,
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4 glial cells; 2 cells that provide myelin
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astrocytes, microglia, oligodendroglia, & schwann cells; oligodendroglia & schwann cells
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astrocytes (4)
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provide neuron support by transporting nutrients, securing neurons in place, digesting dead neurons, & regulating extracellular space's content
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microglia; enteric nervous system
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CNS macrophages that digest dead neuron, in walls of GI system & can function w/o help fr other nervous systems
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autonomic vs somatic neurotransmitters; BBB
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can use both ACH & NE vs can only use ACH; tight junctions that allow water, some gases, & lipophilic molecules via diffusion & glucose & AA via transport
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cerebrospinal fluid
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clear fluid in brain & spine to cushion & provide immunological protection & blood flow regulation
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reln b/n brain & body wt; what concussions affect; statocysts
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logarithmic; neurotransmitters & not neurons themselves; mechanoreceptors w/ granulolymph for orientation
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6 parts of brain stem fr top to bottom
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thalamus, optic tract linked to thalamus that wraps around midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, spinal cord
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cerebellum; frontal lobe (3)
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lump at base of cerebrum that regulates balance & fine motor skills; controls intellectual ability, personality, & emotion
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parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe (2 ea)
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Middle of cerebrum, controls literacy & spatial relnships. Back of cerebrum, controls sight. Cerebrum sides, controls memory, speech, & comprehension
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3 sensory receptor types
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interoceptors (internal enviro), proprioceptors (body position & movement), & exteroceptor (external enviro)
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vestibular system
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in vestibulum of inner ear to contribute to balance, spatial orientation, & movemen
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what 5 primary tastes are driven by; 3 types of nociceptors
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Salty by Na+ influx; sour by H+ influx; sweet, bitter, & umami by GPCRs. mechanical, thermal, & polymodal
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heat receptors (5)
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aka vanilloid, TRPV3 activates above 33°C, TRPV1 activates above 42°C & fr capsaicin & garlic, TRPV2 activates above 52°C, TRPV4 activates below 33°C
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cold receptors (2)
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TRPA1 open near freezing & is mod in pit vipers & reponds to wasabi & cinnamon, TRPM8 opens fr 8-28°C & responds to menthol
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fast vs slow pain pathway
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uses myelinated nerve fibers, localized, brief; uses unmyelinated nerve fibers, general, activated by chemicals
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prostaglandins; 3 endogenous opiates
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released by dmged tissue to ↑ nociceptor sensitivity; endorphins, enkephalins, & dynorphins to suppress pain
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3 hormone types
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peptides (hydrophilic & derived fr AAs), amines (hydrophilic & derived fr tyrosine), & steroids (lipophilic & derived fr cholesterol)
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hypothalamus (4)
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lower central part of brain that regulates satiety, metabolism, body temp, & pituitary gland
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anterior pituitary gland (6)
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makes GH, TSH, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH for corticosteroid production), LH, FSH, & prolactin
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posterior pituitary gland; thyroid gland
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releases ADH & oxytocin; regulated by pituitary gland to regulate metabolism & children's brain growth
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