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PSYCH 2510: EXAM 1
Supernatural Model |
Belief that Demons, Gods, spirits were responsible for human psychological issues
exorcisms, beatings, to "treat"
goal was to make devil to not want to stay in poor host
TODAY: disorder punishment for evil deeds- ex. Hurricane was "divine punishment", AIDS epidemic
--trepanning used (hole in brain) for spirit to be "let out"
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Hippocrates |
EXCEPTION: Hippocrates thought it was the brain (medical model)
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"Ship of Fools" |
sent out ' crazies' & criminals that were thought to have a 'bad spirit' until found another port
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Phillipe Pinel |
-- worked to change asylum conditions
-- better conditions ended up HELPING the people more
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Mental Disorder |
group of emotional (feelings), cognitive (thinking) or behavioral symptoms that can cause distress or significant problems
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Abnormal Psychology |
Study of troublesome feelings, thoughts and behaviors associated with mental disorders.
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Three D's: Deviate |
(most controversial) Does the person deviate from social norms specifically? Problems w/ this: social standpoints of "normal" may be misused
ex. Disagree w/ people of power --> into mental inst.
ex. Drapetomania- slaves that ran from slavery (scientific racism)
ex. behavior that's completely unacceptable in culture--> "abnormal"
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Three D's: Dysfunctional |
negative consequences to persons behavior-- i.e. (depression)
ex. can't get up for class/work
socially isolated
can lose job, fall out of school
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Three D's: Distress |
is the person suffering? (can be normal w/ bad grade/ loved one passing)
ex. Anti-Social Personality- no regards to rights of other people, doesn't care
ex. Suicidal
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Primary Prevention |
"Pre" problem, before the problem develops
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Secondary Prevention |
"early" problem, the beginning of the issue
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Tertiary Prevention |
"post" problem, problem is/was there, goal to keep from coming worse
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Public Stigma |
general NEGATIVE beliefs about mental disorders
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Self Stigma |
NEGATIVE feelings of oneself because of the public stigma attached to mental disorders
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The Biological Model |
Brain & physical processes-- focuses on genetic contribution to disorders
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Emil Kraepelin
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early contributor to bio mod
developed psychiatric classifications (bipolar, schizophrenia)
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Heritability |
the amount of variable in characteristics due to genetic factors
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Neuron |
communicate w/ each other using neurotransmitters, chemical messengers that cross the synapse
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Synapse |
Small gap b/w neurons
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Neurotransmitter |
chemical messengers that cross the synapse
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Reuptake |
when unused neurotransmitters are reabsorbed and recycled
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How Medications Work |
medications can either:
block re-uptake to increase neurotransmitters
block synapses to decrease neurotransmitters
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Serotonin (MSLD) |
DEPRESSION= LOW serotonin levels
regulation of mood, sleep, learning, depression
Prozac- ^ serotonin levels
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Norepinephrine |
STRESS & MANIA = ^ Nore levels
Depression LOW Nore levels
regulates sleep states, mood, behavior
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Dopamine
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sociability, pleasure, motivation, reward, coordination, voluntary movement
stimulant drugs: ACTIVATE dopamine levels
ex. schizophrenia -- HIGH dopamine levels
ex. parkinson's -- LOW dopamine levels
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GABA |
Anxiety- LOW GABA levels
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Corpus callosum |
connects 2 hemis, allows communication to b/w left/right side of the brain
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Right hemisphere |
controls left side, involved in the determination of spatial relations & patterns, and is involved in emotion & intuition
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Left Hemisphere |
controls right half of body, responsible for analitical thinking and speech
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Cortical Lobes: Frontal |
FRONT of brain (duh)
controls movement (motor skills), planning, organizing, decision making, inhibiting behavior or responses
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Cortical Lobes: Occipital |
associated w/ VISION (behind parietal and temporal, 'back')
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Cortical Lobes: Parietal |
Associated w/ sensation of touch (behind frontal lobe)
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Cortical Lobes: Temporal |
Cortical Lobes: Temporal |
Limbic System |
Regulates emotions & impulses--
Sex, Thirst & Aggression
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Psychodynamic Model |
Freud-- internal personality characteristics
Childhood experiences
Unconscious human behavior
Defense mechanisms (control anx/stress)
Things we do have meaning (psychic determinism)
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Structural Model (IES)
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ID- pleasure tasks: attain gratificaion of wants, needs and impulses (unconscious, says YES)
Ego- Reality Tasks: moderates b/w 2, (voice of reason internalizes rules, conscious)
Superego: Morality Tasks- develop conscious, block ID & says no (conscious)
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Defense Mechanisms |
block from anxiety/stress, bad when overused
Treatment-- Goal to develop INSIGHT/ understanding
Interpretations are used (of the defense mech being used) to help client develop insight
Transference- patient issues transfer to therapist (good thing)
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Denial |
refusing to acknowledge or accept reality
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Rationalization |
developing specific reason for an action
i.e.-- why one did not purchase a car
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Repression |
keeping highly sexual or aggressive material from conscious
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Projection |
attributing one's own unacceptable motives or impulses to another person
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Humanistic Model
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people strive for personal growth & fulfillment
choice, responsibility, free will
Treatment:
Unconditional Positive Regard- needed in childhood & during lifespan, to achieve self-actualization
Client-centered theory- non directive, focus on positive regard & strengths. Empathy & active listening
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Cognitive- Behavioral Model |
"Behavior is learned". Cognitive- thoughts are the problem (phobias)
Classical- man bit, afraid of dogs, fears dogs
Operant Conditioning- rewards & punishment
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Schemas |
beliefs/expectations that represent a network of accumulated knowledge
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Cognitive Distortions |
irrational, inaccurate thoughts people have about environmental events
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CB Treatments: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
large collection of treatment techniques that changes patterns of thinking and behavior that contributes to a person's problems
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CB Treatments: Rational Restructuring |
sometimes people perceive their world and make assumptions in ways that lead to problematic behavior
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CB Treatments: Desensitization |
"prep work", relaxing patient and slowly and carefully working up to exposure
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CB Treatments: Exposure |
directly confronting feared stimulus (snake girl)
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Sociocultural Perspective |
Emphasizes environment (social and culture factors in the development of psych disorders)
ex. anorexia- western culture
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Family Systems Perspective |
dynamics and rules w/in groups are often maintained even when problematic
- Homeostasis stability- change gets pulled back so no change, even if bad
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Biopsychosocial Model |
acknowledge all models and factors- different factors can be more prominent
biological (genetic, brain changes)
psychological (thought, emotional changes)
social (family, societal)
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Diathesis-Stress Model |
disorders caused by an interaction between vulnerability (diathesis) to mental disorder & stress
vulnerability can include- underlying traits, temperament, genetic/bio predispositions, early childhood trauma, poor skills, thought patterns, cultural and family factors
stress-preciptating, immediate stressful circumstances, life like experiences, sad events
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Epidemiology (IPL)
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Incidence- new cases of a mental disorder within a timeframe (current)
Prevalence- all cases of a mental disorder (new and existing) within a lifetime
Lifetime prevalence- the proportion of people in a population who have ever had a disorder in their lives
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Co-morbidity |
more than one mental disorder (2 different)
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46%.. |
of all people in the US have had a mental disorder in their llfetime
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Median age of onset for a mental disorder... |
is 14 years
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Mental disorders are the leading cause of... |
disability |
Risk Factors
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men at risk for substance & anti-personality disorder
women at risk for anxiety & mood disorders
general risk factors: low SEC, divorce/seperations
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Protective Factors (Resilience)
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ability to withstand disorders
a PROCESS, not usually trait occurs w/ protecting factors and social support
general: programs,
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Diagnosis |
process of determining whether a presenting problem meets the established criteria for a specific psychological disorder
--to qualify several abnormal behaviors must be present and they must cause significant problems
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DSM |
system for classifying and diagnosing psychological disorders
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Criticisms of DSM- 4
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overdiagnosis - encourages use
power of labels- cause change in behavior in ppl
diagnosis of social control- use disorder to control (drapetomania, hypersexuality)
social construction-drug companies, etc
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Axes |
Clinical Disorders
personality disorders and mental retardation
general medical conditions
psychosocial and environmental problems
global assessment of functioning
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Assessment |
systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in a person presenting with a possible psychological disorder
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Assessments: Interviews |
structured/unctruc, most common, set of questions to elicit info
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Assessments: Intelligence Tests |
intellectual strengths and weaknesses, cognitive aspects, in military, "gifted" children
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Assessments: Personality |
MMP1-2, standardized questions
Projected tests: (idea ppl will project needs, conflicts/ personality into ambiguous stimuli)
Rorschach- inkblot test, things you see must be projected from thoughts b/c not clear immage
TAT- given picture, asked to tell story about 'hero' -- needs will motivate their behaviors/expectations
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Assessments: Behavioral |
examining what comes before and after behavior-- natural (watching someone) /controlled (couple problem solve), self-monitoring (keeping a thought record)
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Assessments: Biological |
scans |
Assessments: Neuropsychological |
tests that evaluate brain behavior relationships (man w/ brain damage picture)
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