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PSYCH 2310: EXAM 1
Null/Experimental Hypothesis
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What a testable hypothesis is compared to
"nothing" hypothesis, no effect
ex. Null for Rose Quartz- you can buy quartz but it won't help (research hypo- it does work)
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Independent Variable
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What is manipulated, or changed in the experiment
bad decisions may limit the meaningfulness of results
ex. it the quart present? taped under couch or not
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Dependent variable
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the outcome
bad decisions may limit the meaningfulness of results
EX. Measure amount of "love" in 20 min alotted
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Treatment/Outcome Variable |
... |
Random Sampling/Assignment
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a MUST, this assures all types of 'treatments'
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Demand Effect
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Participants trying to figure out what reaction the experimenter wants, then giving it to them
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Placebo Effect
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Participants doing something because they believe it will do something, rather than it being real
only works because you believe it will work
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Confounds |
§ Confounds: factors that vary with the IV (like time of day, time of semester) that make it impossible to tell if it was the experiment or not
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Statistical Significance |
A “statistically significant difference” is big enough to be very unlikely to happen by chance alone (only 5 times out of 100 by chance)
factors affecting: size of sample, size of effect, the background variability or 'noise'
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Hindsight Bias |
... |
Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) |
the attributing causality to the person, humans usually OVERLOOK situation and blame the person!
Ex. you fell, you're a clumsy person- instead of: there was a wet spot on the floor
^^ Correspondence bias- we tend to think other's behavior's correspond to internal traits of theirs
etc. Questioner vs. Contestant- questioner always looks smarter, may not be the case
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Actor-Observer Difference |
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Internal Attributions |
something about the person caused the event
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External Attributions |
Something about the situation caused the event (couldn't help it)
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Kelley's Theory (of Attributions) |
tries to explain when we go one way vs. the other
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KT: Consistency
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Does this person usually behave this way in the situation? (if yes, we seek an explanation)
ex. guy sleeping in class
HIGH consistency + LOW distinctiveness + LOW consensus = internal attribution (HLL)
HIGH consistency + HIGH distinctivness + HIGH consensus =external attribution (HHH)
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KT: Distinctiveness |
does this person behave differently in this situation than others?
HIGH consistency + LOW distinctiveness + LOW consensus = internal attribution (HLL)
HIGH consistency + HIGH distinctivness + HIGH consensus =external attribution (HHH)
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KT: Consensus |
do others behave similarly in the situation?
HIGH consistency + LOW distinctiveness + LOW consensus = internal attribution (HLL)
HIGH consistency + HIGH distinctivness + HIGH consensus =external attribution (HHH)
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Awareness of FAE
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by measuring these 3 factors- you can predict outcome of jury trials, civil suits, and more other social judgements
the more we take other's perspective into consideration (measure of self consciousness), the less we will make FAE
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Illusory Correlation |
thinking things go together when they really don't
i.e. rain after car wash, think of someone they call
overlook things when good, but notice when bad
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Gambler's Fallacy
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assuming the past effects chance events
What keep Los Vegas in biz!!
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Availability Heuristic
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we judge the frequency of an event by available memories associated with that event
i.e. car crash vs. digestive cancer who dies more- we would like to say car crash but it really isn't
fearing the wrong things
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Representativeness Heuristic |
that which fits the category is automatically assumed to be in THAT category
we are more likely to add characteristics to a person that SEEMS like they would be a part of that personality - fits the sterotype
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Confirmation Bias |
We seek evidence that confirms a proposition, more than evidence that disconfirms it
i.e convince themselves that what they put down is true on test
i.e. iphone commercial
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Belief perseverance |
once we get an idea in our heads, its hard to shake it
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Base-Rate fallacy |
we fail to consider how often things actually happen
i.e. shark attacks are almost non-existant, diabetes kill more people than homicides, digestive cancer more than automobile
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Priming
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"activated associations in memory" which influences on how we perceive the world (we perceive what we are primed to perceive)
priming can help us do better in performance situations (i.e. "Little Engine that Could vs. Curious George"
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Overconfidence Effect |
we are often OVERLY certain about social judgements
i.e. predicting the future (grades)
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Knowledge Structure |
basic assumption of most social psychologists- when activated the "self node' can amplify the effects of other primes
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Looking Glass Self |
we learn to see ourselves by internalizing how others see us
LGS says how we define ourself and how others define us is the same thing
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Self Reference Effect |
we are very sensitive to self relevant information
Cocktail party effect- hear your name then automatically interested
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Social Comparison |
understanding ourselves by comparing ourselves to others
UPWARD: to someone BETTER than us
DOWNWARD: to someone WORSE than us
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Motivational Function of Self-Knowing/ Possible Self
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we can use self knowledge to motivate ourselves
POSSIBLE SELF- self as a GOAL
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actual/ideal discrepancies |
possible self images
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Wilson's "2 system" view
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verbal production system and the behavior production system are not as connected as we think
we may think we know why do X, but we don't really
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Self Serving Bias |
mostly towards positive bias,
positive : having high efficacy beliefs, can combat learned helplessness (thinking it will always happen)
Negative: Not admitting fault, unrealistic optimism
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Cross Cultural Variations in Self-Esteem
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high self esteem (nars) are more violent prone
people are fine w/o high self esteem in other cultures, less blaming of others and excuse making
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Self Handicapping
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people w/ high self esteem are more likely to use this theory, sabotaging oneself so one has excuse for failure
"too cool to try on the exam"
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Attitude |
evaluate beliefs and feelings regarding objects, people or events that predispose certain responses
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attitudes vs social forces as predictors of actions
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most of us ( wanting to feel control) think attitudes are stronger
usually our attitudes effect our actions, but there are alot of inconsistency
research in social psych says social forces are ofen stronger than we realize (washing hands)
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Good Samaritan Study
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when people are aware of what their attitudes say
20 min/ 5 min/ you're late- people didn't stop to help a min when said they were late but we going to talk to others abour helping
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When do attitudes predict behaviors?
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When the attitudes question is very specific to the behavior predicted, "how do you like recycling plastic" NOT how do you feel about environmental causes
When no strong social force is present
when the person is SELF AWARE (linking self- concept to behavior/ action concept)
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Cognitive dissonance Theory/ Results |
people more likely to come back when nothing is given to them, awards make them want to come back less
Attitude (so-so cause) + inconsistent act (I worked for free) = dissonance (insuff justif) --> ATTITUDE CHANGE ( I mist be a believer
OR: Attitude (so-so cause) + consistent act (got free dinner) = dissonance (sufficient justif) --> attitude change (forget it)
beware just doing something w/o thinking about it
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Post decisional Dissonance Reduction |
("of course I picked the right college!") - how would we feel if we kept thinking Iowa great place, if transferring wasn't an option, we tear down alternatives
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Effort Justification |
"of course all the work to get my degree was worth it!"
hazing- uses effort just. to boost group indentification
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Insufficient Justification |
... |
Foot In The Door phenomenon |
if you can get someone to say yes to the first small thing, you may be able to keep them going to get what you really want
(homeless guy)
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Low Ball
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car dealership technique, say yes to the low price... they say "I can't do that, but i CAN do.. (higher price)
Moral: too good to be true, probably is
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Door in the Face |
ask for MORE than you want first, then what you REALLY want
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Self Presentation |
... |
Brainwashing |
"Stockholm syndrome" (prisoner joins the movement- Patty Hearst, Shaun Hornbeck)
Cut off from past life, give powerful role to play, make pretense necessary to survival
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Intrinisic Motivation
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doing something for the fun of it (raising hands in grade school vs. college, pro atheltes)
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Undermining Effect |
Undermining effect: ***rewards can take away intrinsic motivation* those who work just o get a paycheck will se it as more tedious
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Explanation of undermining: Self-Perception |
I got paid to do it, that must mean i don't like it (insufficient justification)
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Explaining underminding: Self determination |
feeling coereced by rewards thwarts our need for autonomy and spoils the intruistic motivation (fun of it)
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