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PSYCH 2310: EXAM 3
Prejudice |
an unjustifiable negative attitude toward a group and its individual members
sexism
racism
ageism
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Stereotype |
a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people
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Discrimination |
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members
"serving whites only"
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Racism |
individuals prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior towards people of a given race
OR institutionalized practices )even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race
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Sexism |
an individuals prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex
OR institutionalize prac - even if not motivated by prejudice- that subordinate people pf a given sex
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Affirmative action |
"policies" that attempt to decrease prejudice by taking them into consideration
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Modern Racism |
people endorse more indirect expressions of discrimination
"Affirmative action should be abolished" , "blacks getting too demanding for equal rights"
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Ingroup Biases |
(Ingroup= "Us", group of people who share a sense of belonging)
the tendency to favor one's OWN group
Social Identity- "we aspect" of our self-concept that comes from group memberships
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Outgroup Biases |
"Them"-- a group that people percieve as distinctively different from or apart from their in group
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Social Dominance Orientation |
a motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups |
Ethocentric |
believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group with corresponding disdain for all other groups
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Authoritarian Personality |
a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of out groups and those lower in statues
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Realistic Group Conflict Theory |
theory that prejudice arises from competition b/w groups for scare resources
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Scapegoat Theory |
"displaced aggression" (when cause of our frustration is intimidating or unknown- we redirect our hostility)
ex. cotton prices low- more lynchings occured
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Status Legitimization |
majority groups try to legitimize their higher status and resources, maintaining control (social darwinism)
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Demonization of cultures |
prejudices may lead us to demonize those whom with we conflict
@ war with.. Pearl Harbor
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Personality Styles |
prejudice is stronger with people with certain personality styles (social dominance orientation, authoritarianism)
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Social institutions/Norms |
prejudice may be maintained by social institutions/norms (self-fulfilling prophecy, person thinks one way, will treat us this way- possible might come true for person)
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Sociobiology* |
tendency towards in-group biases as highly adaptive and thus evolved trait
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Outgroup Homogeneity |
we don't get enough exposure to distinguish the differences of out-group members "they all look the same"
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Just World Beliefs |
everyone gets what they deserve
when people punish kids, it's almost always for good reason
people who meet misfortune have brought it upon themselves
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Stereotype Threat |
people do worse when neg stereotypes of their groups have been primed, or vice versa
girls and math test
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Contact Hypothesis |
bringing groups together can reduce prejudice IF
share common goal
interdependence (need each other)
informal contact occurs b/w groups (work, play togeth)
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terror management |
when thinking about own death, further derogating themselves from others who make them anxious
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Stigma consciousness |
a person's expectation of being victimized by prejudice or discrimination
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Group serving bias |
giving your group benefit of the doubt, while NOT doing this for other groups
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Subtyping |
accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by thinking of them as "expectations to the rule"
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Subgrouping |
those who deviate from ones stereotype by forming a new stereotype about the subset of the group
"professional, middle-class blacks"
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Aggression |
Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
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Hostile Aggression |
driven by anger and performed as an end in itself
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Instrumental Aggression |
a means to some other end
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Lorenz's Instinct Theory
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aggression is an evolved behavior that serves an adaptive purpose -- Aggressive energy is an instinct that builds up and needs to be discharged -- aggression is innate
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Catharsis |
discharge of instinctive energy
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Frustration Agression Theory |
frustration (blocking of goal-directed behavior) triggers a readiness to aggress
frustation we may aggress against the frustrator
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Genetic Influences |
we can breed animals based on aggressive tendencies and temperaments
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Temperament |
those aspects of an individual's personality that are often regarded as innate rather than learned.
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Displacement & Displaced Aggression |
redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration
DA: frustrated person agresses against an innocent other
Triggered DA: OVERREACT to innocent persons mild provocation
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Relative Deprivation |
perception that one is less well off than other with whom one compares oneself
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Social Learning Theory |
theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished
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De-Individualitzation |
lose touch w/ identity, values in a mob (lynchings)
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Conformity |
everyone else is doing it, i better go along
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Prosocial Behavior |
postive, constructive help social behavior, opposite of antisocial
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Social Scripts |
culturally provided mental instructions on how we should act in various situations
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Matching Hypothesis |
people assort based on looks
we like the one who is in our ballpark
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Smell |
women preferred men whose MHC is dissimilar (as indexed by smell)
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Sternbergs Triarchic Theory of Love
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love always involves passion (lust) , intimacy (connection), and commitment (acceptance)
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Romantic |
passion + intimacy, no commit
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Companionate |
intimacy + commitment, no passion
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Fatuous Love |
passion + commitment, no intimacy
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Attachment Theory |
having a secure (rather than anxious or avoidant) "attachment styles"
Secure- i am confortable depending on others
Anxious- worry that others will abandon me
Avoidant- i get nervous when others get too close
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Conflict-avoiding |
side stepping or denying disagreement
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Validating |
compromising, acknowledging each other, working things out
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Volatile |
thriving on emotional intensity, may fight very bitterly
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Equity Theory |
balance in obligation, chores and duties
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Disclosure Reciprocity |
its not how much they disclose, its whether or not its equal
the tendency for one person's intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner
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Mere-exposure effect |
the tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them
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Matching phenomenon |
the tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a "good match" in attractiveness and other traits
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Physical attractiveness Sterotype |
"what is beautiful is good"`
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Complementarity |
popularity supposed tendency, in a relationship b/w two people for each to complete what is missing in the other
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Ingratiation |
use of strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favor
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Two-factor theory of emotion |
arousal x its label= emotion
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Secure attachment |
attachments rooted in trust and marked by intimacy
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Preoccupied attachment |
attachments marked by a sense of one's own unworthiness and anxiety, ambivalence, and possessiveness
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Dismissive attachment |
an avoidant relationship style marked by distrust of others
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Fearful attachment |
an avoidant relationship style marked by the fear of rejection
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